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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Urbanisation and causes or urbanisation |
The rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas. In developed countries, more people live in urban areas than In undeveloped countries. Urbanisation is caused by: Migration to cities (for higher paid work normally) Natural increase (more births than death) |
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The growth of mega cities |
Most mega cities are in high income areas. However they have hardly grown due to the same quality of life in rural and urban areas and the ability to commute to work. Increasing numbers of mega cities in emerging countries. |
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The importance of things in establishing world cities |
INVESTMENT: London and New York are the worlds biggest financials centres. AIRLINE TRAFFIC: Dubai has the worlds largest airport. This means that it has a large influence in the world as it is a center for transport and travel. DECISION MAKERS- 80% of worlds largest companies have HQ in USA EU and Japan. This causes countries to have a large global influence if large TNCs are based their. POLITICAL DECISIONS- government decisions in the UK can affect people globally. Eg about where to invest, or trying to resolve conflicts. |
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How has economic change affected the growth or decline of Kampala- Uganda (Developing world city growth) |
Population of 1.8 million. Increased population had caused more jobs in construction. Better services due to higher tax amount caused by increased population. More jobs in growing businesses. This attracts people in subsistant agriculture. Better life choices. Large informal economy (80%). However it is only growing slowly as most Ugandans are rural subsistant farmers. Attracts subsistant farmers as are better of in informal work, is accessible to almost anyone. The formal economy: manufacturing in small, employing only 5% of population. Services are in the main port. |
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How has economic change affected the growth or decline of New York- USA (Developed world city growth) |
Population- 8.5 million, net growth of 343,000 Major cause is due to knowledge economy. Attracts well qualified people. Now had to import experts which has increased international migration. Manufacturing is 10% of employment. This attracts cheap migrant labour. Informal economy earns 7% of GDP. This attracts illegal and legal migrants and self employed workers who may not declare income to tax officials. |
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How has economic change affected the growth or decline of Detroit- USA (Developed world city decline) |
Population of 0.75 million. Home to General Motors. This created thousands of jobs so the population was 1.85 million in 1950s Wealthier population left do income from local taxes decreased. This cause Detroit to go bankrupt. Désindustrialisation caused by buying parts from overseas and caused closing of industries. Machines in factories had caused unemployment. |
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How has economic change affected the growth or decline of New Delhi (emerging world city growth) |
Informal economy have the most workers (75% or workers). Services is most important (78% of GDP). Manufacturing earns 20% of GDP. Clothing is growing fast due to better wages than subsistant agriculture. However this is informal economy as there are no regulations. |
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Why has population increase in developed world cities. |
1) transport from suburbs to city has increased so people can now live in larger houses in the suburbs but still can commute to work. 2) a more disposable income means people can afford to live in the city and be close to amenities. 3) with cheaper housing in the suburbs with more space, people lived to the suburbs rather than live in the city. |
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Characteristics and how these areas develop: commercials |
CHARACTERISTICS: mostly in the CBD. Buildings are taller than rest of city. Buildings are at a high density so few open spaces. Low rise business and retail parks on the city edge. DEVELOPMENT: this is the most accessible part of the city. Demand for land is created which forces price up. Space is limited do the only way to build is up. |
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Characteristics and how these areas develop: industrial |
CHARACTERISTICS: Away from the centre, either in the inner city or city edge. Are close to transport links. DEVELOPMENT: most industrial need space so are away from the CBD. new industries are built in industrial areas reserved by planners to keep industry separate. Industries need transport. Old relied on canals rivers and rail. New rely on road. |
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Characteristics and how these areas develop: resisdential |
CHARACTERISTICS: usually surrounding the CBD and industries in suburbs. The oldest properties are close to the centre. Residential areas differ between one part of a city and another. DEVELOPMENT: land is cheaper further from business and commercial areas. Cities grow onwards in rings, with oldest suburbs near the centrée and newest on the outskirts. Land is expensive so terraces and flats are common. Further wars from the city, cheaper land means houses can have larger gardens. Industries butyl houses as high densities for factory workers. Land was cheaper further out, of houses had a garden and garage. In the 21st century planners prefer to allow housing to be built on brownfield sites rather than greenfield. |
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Site in Mumbai |
Is situated on the west cost of India in the sate of Maharashtra. Main city lies on an island with a naturally deep harbour. Estimated that inner Nubian has population of 16 million and wider metropolitan area has population of 25 million. Much of the city is low lying. As city has grown it has spread to the mainland to form a conurbation. |
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Mumbai’s national and international connections |
Nationally it’s deep water harbour has made it India’s second biggest port. Large container ships can access Mumbai. It’s waterfront is 10km long allowing huge port development. Internationally Mumbai’s location on India’s west coast makes it closer to Europe via the Suez Canal, than other Indian ports. Shipping times to Europe are 5 days shorter than from Kolkata on the east coast. By air Mumbai is 9 hours from uk airports. This makes it possible to travel in business to any of Indian cities and back in one day. |
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The structure of mumbai |
Mumbai was built around the harbour so it’s CBD is not in the centre but is near the island tip. Some industrial areas are near the port, but land is so expensive many have moved out to places such as navi Mumbai where land is cheaper. Residential areas in Mumbai show wide inequality. Wealthy suburbs are all inner city areas along water front. Middle to low income areas are further away from the CBD. |
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Causes of growth in Mumabi |
- people drawn in from countryside due to work being so varied. People believe they will have better life chances in the city. Travelers from Europe used the ports that became known as the gateways to India. Area around port became industrialised as a result and became used for importing and exporting goods. -a variety of services grew around the port during and after British rule. -Banking finance and insurance that were associated with the ports allowed Mumbai to become a major source of finance. This allowed Mumbai’s economy to grow and allowed it to be a world city. |
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Problems caused by urban growth in Mumbai |
-Problems with health occur due to pollution from within the shanty towns and heavy industry causes air pollution also causes poor health -Widespread poverty and unemployment dues to so many moving to the area and the high birth rate means there isn’t enough employment. -Poor education leads to people being unemployed as they haven’t the skills and knowledge needed and too many people mean that the schools and public services can’t deal with the amount of people. -Land value is high in Mumbai due to there being little land. So people live in illegal shanty towns that increase health problems due to being so cramped. -Poor transport links as they are so busy and cramped with commuters. -Pollution increase due to those living in shanty towns. As it is illegal there is no waste collection is it ends up being dumped. |
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Life in different classes in mumbai |
BOTTOM: little light, very few unreliable taps, communism toilets, poor health, small homes (100m2), 69% literary rate. MIDDLE: family sleep in one room, low paid jobs, nearly every family have a tv and mobile phone, small homes but are bigger than one room. TOP: salary 80x more than middle class, working in it or engineering, lives in comfy flat, although salary is high it can take 5 years to save for 1 room high spec flat, works long hours, goes clubbing and shopping- can afford designer clothes and latest technology. |
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Social positive and negatives of living in dharavi |
POSITIVES: -buildings are colourful which adds interest and diversity. -informal shopping area where it is possible to buy anything -Caters for religious needs -community centre so strong sense of community -village feel NEGATIVES: -Poor working conditions -toilets are open holes so large numbers of cholera and hepatitis -newest arrivals make homes on waste land -houses often have no windows, asbestos roofs and no fire regulations -cramped -children play in sewage causing 4000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhus -clothes washed in area where sewer pipe runs through -water is rationed and comes on from 5:30 till 6:30, shared between many -average life span is under 60 |
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Economic positives and negatives of living in dharavi |
POSITIVES: -85% work locally, some have managed to become millionaires -most productive slum, over a billion dollar industry NEGATIVES: -industrial part is chaotic not dirty smelly -no air conditioning in factories, poor working conditions -women and children shift through rubbish as a job. |
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Environmental positives and negatives of living in Dharavi |
POSITIVES: -80% of plastic waste gets recycled. (Uk= 23%) NEGATIVES: -rubbish everywhere -most areas lack sanitation -Huge toxic waste in slums -people have to go to the toilet in the street -waste pipes flow through open sewers so if they crack they take in sewer. |
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A low tax government cycle |
Back (Definition) |
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Wealthy areas of mumbai |
BANDRA -have a variety of restaurants cafes and clubs -lots of shops -attracts many popular actors and actresses of Bollywood POWAI -many hospitals, schools and playgrounds -meticulously planned township, very organised -at the banks of the powai lake CHEMBUR -in the harbour line -witnessed vast improvements in terms of infrastructure and residential areas |
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Top down and bottom up characteristics |
Top down: large, expensive and run by government or TNC Bottom up: cheaper, sustainable, community lead, run by NGOs |
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Top down example 1: vision mumbai |
AIM: to transform Mumbai by building a million lower cost homes, improving transport infrastructure and air an water quality. RESULTS: 20,000 moved. 45,000 homes demolished in Dharavi. Piped water and sewage systems installed in flats. 72 new trains and platforms raised to increased safety. New measures introduced to improve air quality. People in Dharavi did not like the changes as many prefer slum improvements that demolishment. New apartment blocks have split communities. Rents cost more than in slums. Small workshops have no where to go. |
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Top down example 2: SRA |
AIM: Ti survey and review existing positions regarding slum areas. To get the slum rehabilitation system implemented. To do all such other acts and things as may be necessary for achieving the objective of rehabilitating slums. POSITIVE IMPACTS: it is a product of learning by doing so is affective. Allows slum dwellers to have a say as they can organise themselves into co-ops no authority can mandate the resettlement. The rehabilitation also includes compensation for temporary relocation of about 3 years during building. Women of the household are listed as joint owners so they have equal rights to the new property. Slum dwellers achieve enhanced net at 0 cost. Government receives the rehabilitation of slums. Society at large gains from improved infrastructure. Investors gain projects in prime city locations. NEGATIVES: the developers have full discretion on the quality of rehabilitated building, which affects living standards (horizontal slums). SRA is state operated agency. Forces occupants to move into horizontal slums or another slum. There is an increased cost of living. Does not provide occupants with workshops that they would lose. New housing restricts communal spaces which are an integral part of their lives in slums. |
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Bottom up example 1: ACORN foundation (Dharavi project) |
Aim: to change living conditions of over 100,000 rag pickers. Gives them a legitimate and sustainable voice in recycling and waste management value chain in Dharavi. ADVANTAGES: rag pickers are getting credited for their work. All members are being identity cards. That have formed their own committee which is involved in awareness programs. Young children in rag picking can get some kind of informal education in arts. DISADVANTAGES: doesn’t solve economic problems of poverty or improve tag pickers working conditions or aim to get them a higher income. Only benefits small community. Although it promote less waste, Dharavi recycles almost all waste possible so would not solve environmental problems (could also put rag pickers out of work). CONCLUSION: not very sustainable as doesn’t help future generations much and does not break cycle of poverty. |
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Bottom up example 2: Mumbai street children empowerment network |
Aim: to help street children become self reliant and responsible citizens. They do this by providing access to education, recreation and a healthy environment. Estimated to be 250,000 street children in Mumbai. ADVANTAGES: by targeting children and educating them, it will help them for their whole life and future generations. Supports a range of charities so large amount of ressources. DISADVANTAGES: relies on donations which is an unstable source of income only focuses on children which is a small part of a community. CONCLUSION: 3.5 as it aims to improve the lives of future generations as well as present. Brings together lots of charities to benefit lots of people. However does not help everyone. |
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Bottom up development example 3: Gabriel project |
AIM: uses holistic development and empowerment for communities in slums and villages of India. Targets poverty, malnutrition, ill health, hunger and child labour. ADVANTAGES: by aiming work at children that can break the cycle of poverty. Uses holistic approach so it caters for everyone by listening to their thoughts. Uses ressources of communities. DISADVANTAGES: reliant on volunteers. Only benefits the communities they work with. Does not have lots of ressources. CONCLUSION: 4 as they work with communities to target the problems best as it takes into account heir opinions and ideas. It also improves the lives of the whole community. |
