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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two types of natural hazards |
Geological hazards (land and tectonic processes)
Meteriological hazards (weather and climate) |
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What is the hazard risk |
The probability of a natural disaster occuring |
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What affects the hazard risk |
The vulnerability of a area, there capacity to cope and the nature of the natural hazard |
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What is the earth made of |
Inner core (solid) outer core (liquid) made out of iron and nickel. Then there is a mantel made out of semi-molten rock. Then on top there is the crust which is made up oceanic (thinner,5 to 10km and more dense,) crust and continental crust (thicker,30-50km, and more dense). These plates are moving due to convectional currents and were they meet is a plate boundary/margin. |
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What is a destructive margin |
When two plates are moving towards each other the denser oceanic plate is forced down and destroyed. This creates volcanoes and ocean trenches. When two continental plates meet the plates collide and the ground is folded and forced upwards to create mountain ranges. |
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Constructive Margins |
When two plates moving away from each other. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gaps and cools, creating new crust. |
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Conservative Margin |
When two plates move sideways past each other, or in the same direction at different speeds. Crust isn't created or destroyed. |
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Primary effects of an earthquake |
Primary effects: Buildings,bridges homes destroyed. People.injured or.killed by collapsing buildings. Roads railways ports and airports damaged Electricity cables gas water pipes and communication networks are damaged cutting of suppliers |
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secondary effects of an earthquake |
Earthquakes can trigger landslides and tsunamis, these cause more of the "primary factors" which are seen as secondary factors. Leaking gas can be ignited setting fires People are left homeless and could die from..the cold Shortage of clean water, and lack of propper sanatation,easier for diseases to spread Blocked roads mean it is harder for aid and emergency vehicles to get through Destroyed buildings and area can mean there is less tourism Repairs and reconstruction can be expensive so weaken the economy
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Immediate responses to earthquakes |
Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings, and treat injured people. Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease Put out fires Set up temporary shelters for people whose homes have been damaged or destroyed Provide temporary supplies of water,food, electricity,gas and communication systems if regular supplies have been damaged. Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies, equipment or financial donations to the areas affected . Tech companies may set up disaster response tools, allowing damage to be recorded and people to confirm their safety. E.g. Google crisis response service |
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Long term responses |
Rehouse people who lost their homes Repair or rebuild damaged buildings,roads,railways and bridges Reconnect broken electricity water gas and communication connections Improve building regulations,making.buildings more resistant to earthquakes Set up initiatives to help economic recovery, e.g. by promoting tourism. |
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How do earth quakes occur |
They occur at all three plates ( at constructive plates as they move apart there is tension along the cracks). The plates jerk past sending out shock waves, the earthquake. They spread out from the focus, the point in the earth were the earthquake starts, closer to the focus the stronger the earthquake. The epicentre is the point directly above the earth were the focus is. |
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What are earthquakes measured with |
The moment magnitude scale. From 1 to 10. 10 being the most powerful earth quakes. 6 and below normally cause slight damage 7 and above can cause major damage and deaths. The scale is logarithmic,(magnitude 7 would be ten times more powerful then magnitude 6) |
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Primary effects of a volcanic eruption |
Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Buildings may collapse if enough ash falls on them. People and animals are injured or killed by pyroclastic flows, lava flows and falling rocks. Crops are damaged and water supplies are contaminated when ash falls on them. People animals and plants are suffocated by volcanic gasses. |
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Secondary effects of volcanic erruptiond |
Mudflows (lahars) form when volcanic material mixes with water, e.g. from heavy rain fall or snow melt. Mudflows and landslides cause more destruction injury and death .Flooding can be caused by hot rock,ash and gas melting ice and snow on the volcano. Rock and ash can clog up rivers, dams making flooding worse.
.Transport networks are blocked or destroyed so aid and emergency vehicles can't get through and trade is difficult. People are left homeless. Damaged or destroyed businesses cause unemployment and loss of income . Tourism can be disrupted straight after an eruption but often it can increase afterwards with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes.
Ash makes fields more fertile once it's broken down . Recovering after an eruption can take a very long time and costs a huge amount of money weakening a country's economy. |
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Immediate responses for volcanic eruptions |
Evacuate people before the eruption, if it was predicted, or evacuate as soon as possible after the eruption starts. Provide food drink and shelter for the evacuated people. Treat people injured by the eruption, e.g. from falling debris or ash inhalation. Rescue anyone cut of by damage to roads or bridges. Provide temporary supplies of electricity gas and communication systems if regular supplies have been damaged. Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial donations to the areas affected. Tech companies may set up disaster response tools allowing damage to be recorded and people to confirm their safety, e.g. Google crisis response service |
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Long term responses |
Repair and rebuild if possible, or resettle affected people elsewhere. Repair and reconnect infrastructure (roads,rail power lines and communication networks etc) Improve repair and update monitoring and evacuation plans. Boost the economy if possible e.g. by attracting touristts to see volcano and it's effects |
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Nepal earthquake |
2015 25th April 7.9 on Richter scale Primary effects: 9000 deaths 50%of shops destroyed 3million left homeless Water supplies,electric, sanitations and communication affected 1.4 milllion in need of food water and shelter in days and weeks after the quake Secondary Effects: Loss of tourist revenue, a major industry in Nepal Earthquake caused landslides and avalanches Avalanche on mt Everest, which killed 19 people Landslide blocked Kali gandak river thousands of people evacuated incase of flooding 1.4 million in need of food, shelter and water in days and weeks after the quake Other: earthquake was on land so didn't cause tsunami |
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Chile earthquake |
27th February 2010 8.8 on Richter scale Destructive plate margin Primary effects 500 people killed and 1200 injured 220000 homes 53 ports 56 hospitals and other buildings destroyed Secondary Effects Fire at chemical plant Coastal towns destroyed by tsunami Several countries struck by tsunamis |
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Chile long term responses |
Month after quake Chile's government launched a housing reconstruction plan helping 200000 house holds affected by quake. Strong economy rebuilt without much foreign aid due to copper exports. President anounced it would take 4 years to fully recover from damage to buildings and ports. |
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Nepal long term responses |
Roads repaired and landslides cleared. Thousands of homeless people.to be rehoused, over 7000 schools to be rebuilt. Stricter controls on building codes. In June 2015 Nepal hosted an conference to seek support from other countries Late 2015 a blockade at Indian border badly affected supplies of fuel, medicines and construction materials. |
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Chile immediate responses |
Emergency services acted swiftly. International help needed to supply field hospitals, satellite phones and floating bridges. Temporary repairs made to the important route 5 highway, with in 24 hours, aid was able to then be transported from Santiago to affected areas Power and water restored to 90% of homes within 10 days A national appeal raised US$60million, enough to build 30 000 small emergency shelters |
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Nepal immediate responses |
Search and rescue teams and supplies arrived quickly from countries such as UK India and China. Helicopters rescued many people caught in avalanches on Mt Everest and supplies to areas cut of by landslides. Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homeless Financial aid pledged from many countries. Field hospitals set up as there was overcrowded hospitals. Social media used in search and rescue operations. |
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Monitoring |
Networks of seismometers and lasers monitor earth movements, and can be used in early warning systems to give a small but vital amount of warning before a large earthquake occurs. Scientists can monitor the tell tale signs that come before a volcanic eruption. Things such as tiny earthquakes, escaping gas, and changes in the shape of the volcano (bulges in the land where magma has built up under it) |
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Prediction |
Earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted, but by monitoring the movement of tectonic plates scientists can forecast which areas should be prepared for one to occur. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted if the volcano is well monitored. Predicting when a volcano is going to errupt gives people time to evacuate - this reduces the number of injuries and deaths. |
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Protection |
Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes by using materials like reinforced concrete or building special foundations that absorb an earthquakes energy. Existing buildings and bridges can be strengthened (e.g. by wrapping pillars in steal frames) so they're less likely to collapse under the weight of falling ash or due to shaking from an earth quake |
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Planning |
Future developments can be planned to avoid the area's most at risk from tectonic hazards. Emergency services can train and prepare for disasters, e.g. by practising rescuing people from collapsed buildings or setting up shelters. This will reduce the number of people killed. People can be educated so that they know what to do when an eruption occurs. Governments can plan evacuation routes to get people out of dangerous areas quickly and safely in case of an earthquake or volcanic eruption. This reduces the number of people killed or injured by things like fires, pyroclastic flows or lahars(mudflows). Emergency supplies like blankets, clean water and food can be stockpiled. If a natural hazard is predicted the stockpiles can be moved close to areas likely to be affected. |
