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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nitrogen
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Makes up highest percentage of atmosphere
78% |
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oxygen
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second highest percentage of atmosphere
21% |
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Weather and climate only occurs in the
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Troposphere
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Normal lapse rate
temp changes with altitude |
cooling rate at 6.4 degrees celsius/km
(average of environment lapse rates for many areas) why as you climb mountain it gets colder in troposphere |
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environmental lapse rate
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actual rate of cooling with altitude
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two tropopauses
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more troposphere at tropics than poles; hotter at equator so gasses expand
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Ionosphere
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called so because it changes rays into ions!
nitrogen and oxygen combine with gamma and x-rays and formed into IONS ABSORBS coosmic rats, gamma rays, x rays and some UV rays |
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Ozonosphere
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located within stratosphere
Ozone absorbs UV energy and converts it to heat energy |
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WHAT HAPPENS AS WAVES PASS THROUGH ATMOSPHERE
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Shortwaves (gamma and x) come in and encounter nitrogen and oxygen in the ionosphere. They absorb the rays and become ions.
UV rays get into the ozonosphere and are absorbed by the ozone molecules and turned into heat. Visible light travels through, nothing happens to it |
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without the ionosphere we'd all be
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cooked
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without the ozone layer we'd all have
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skin cancer
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Law of conservation of energy
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energy lost during one process must equal teh energy gained during another
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radiant energy
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energy we receive from the sun
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Temperature
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the measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy (not total)
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heat
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energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of temperature difference
after heat is transferred, it is stored as internal energy |
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energy budget by latitude
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when the equator has a lot of energy it transfers to poles
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conduction
and good conducters |
molecule to molecule transfer
molecules vibrate faster, vibration is transferred. good conductors: materials that can easily pass energy from one molecule to another air is poor |
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basis of lightning
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air is a poor conductor of heat
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convection
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energy transferred by movement (vertical)
by fluid naturally happens in atmosphere: convection circulation |
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radiation
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energy travelling through air or space
travels in the form of waves do not need molecules energy may be transferred without any heat |
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blackbody
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perfect absorber/emitter of radiation
earth and sun are examples |
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latent heat
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phase changes
produces tornadoes, thunderstorms |
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Depending on the wavelength of the solar radiation and the intervening matter, insolation can be...
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transmitted (passage of energy through atmosphere or water)
redirected (reflected or scattered) absorbed (molecules vibrate vaster) |
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energy pathways
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we don't overheat because we have a way for energy to escape
wavelength keeps ketting shorter and shorter as it absorbs less, leaves earth in form of longwave radiation wiens law, waves get longer as they cool down |
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greenhouse effect and atmospheric warming
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atmosphere absorbs heat energy; re-radiated from surface or clouds. A real greenhouse traps heat inside.
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** atmospheric window
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8-10 microns; nothing in the atmosphere will absorb longwaves
emitted energy is allowed to pass into outer space |
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K down and K up
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incoming and reflected insolation
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L down and L up
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incoming and outgoing longwave radiation
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urban heat island
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cities are hot because they absorb a lot of energy and have lots of pollution
more particles, more to absorb and bring heat down |
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how infrared leaves earth
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comes to earth and bounces back, gets longer and longer until it reaches the atmospheric window and leaves
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can k down be negative?
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no, there's no such thing as negative sun
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can L down be negative?
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no, no such thing as negative energy
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Can Q be negative?
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yes
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