Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Hypoxia?
|
Lack of oxygen at the cellular level, inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
|
|
|
What is hypoxia caused by?
|
>decrease hemoglobin >not taking in enough inspired oxygen >inability of tissue to get extra oxygen(cyanine poisoning) >poor tissue perfusion >chest trauma |
|
|
What are some sign and symptoms of hypoxia?
|
Early signs >Confusion >Restlessness >Agitation >change in mental status |
|
|
Why does pulse and respiratory increase?
|
to compensate for decrease O2 initially go up with hypoxia.
|
|
|
Cyanosis is a late sign in hypoxia and can be seen in?
|
>Mouth >lips >conjunctiva(dark skin people) >Earlobes >Fingers |
|
|
Hypoxemia different from hypoxia by?
|
Decrease of oxygen in the blood generalized cyanosis
|
|
|
Things that can cause issue with gas excgange |
>decrease oxygen carrying capacity >anemia- reduction of hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen |
|
|
What are some signs and symptoms of anemia?
|
>Fatigue >Increase SOB >Pallor >Tired >Increase heart rate >Decrease inspired oxygen concentration |
|
|
Anything that causes a patient to not be able to breath in(considered a decrease in their inspired oxygen)
|
>Obstruction >Overdose >High altitude |
|
|
What is hypovolemia?
|
Blood volume being reduced
|
|
|
Decreased_______ = Decreased _____+______
|
blood volume= hemoglobin and O2
|
|
|
What is hypovolemia caused by?
|
>Shock >Sever dehydration |
|
|
Why is there vasoconstriction in distal extremities with hypovolemia?
|
Keep blood where we have to have it, at the organs (central body)
|
|
|
If your metabolic rate increase what does it do to your oxygen need?
|
Increases
|
|
|
Chest wall movements that can affect gas exchange?
|
>Chest trauma >Flail chest (broken rib does opposite) >Scoliosis >Kyphosis >Pectus excavatum >Pigeon chest >Funnel >Any abnormality in chest wall |
|
|
How does pregnancy affect gas exchange?
|
>Uterus starts to displace the diaphragm which is not going to allow for chest to fully expand |
|
|
Why do Obese patients have a harder time breathing versus average people?
|
Their abdomen is heavily weighing down their diaphragm making it harder to breath especially while laying down.
|
|
|
Why are obese patients more at risk for pneumonia and respiratory complications after surgery?
|
Because they have trouble fully expanding the lungs to take deep breaths in
|
|
|
Neuromuscular diseases that affect the patients ability to expand and contract the chest wall?
|
>Myasthenia Gravis- muscle weakness and can happen from top to bottom >Guillian Barre- attacks nerves |
|
|
VQ ratio(VQ mismatch)
|
means either an increase in ventilation and a decrease in perfusion or a decrease in ventilation and an increase in perfusion (chronic obstruction or a blood clot) |
|
|
VQ mismatch= Hypoxia
|
>#1 common reason of hypoxia >if there is a mismatch with perfusion and ventilation you will end up with hypoxia |
|
|
If your patient is having chest pain get adequate information about it like?
|
>What causes it? >When does it go away? >When does it start? >Does it go away if you rest? >Do you have to take medication? >What doe sit feel like, sharp or stabbing? |
|
|
If a patient is having cardiac problems what is the pain going to feel like?
|
Pressure like an elephant sitting on your chest
|
|
|
Stabbing pain can indicate what?
|
Pleurisy
|
|
|
What are 2 categories of medications that can cause a dry chronic cough?
|
>Beta blockers >Ace inhibitors Are they on bronchodilators because they can interact with a lot of OTC medications |
|
|
What is a good physical assessment?
|
>Look how their respiratory looks (is it labored or shallow) >Look at their general appearance -skin -cap refill |
|
|
What is clubbing of the fingers a sign of?
|
Long term affect of decrease O2 over many years
|
|
|
What to palpate that relates to gas exchange?
|
>Pulses >Edema in feet >Swelling >Excursion- chest wall expands together >asculate |
|
|
Sounds we are listening for?
|
Normal >Vesicular >Bronchovesicular >Bronchi >Adventicous Abnormal >Wheeze- high pitch, exhale and inhale >Crackles-popping, end of exhale *fluid* >Rhonchi-snoring, gurgling |
|
|
What are some diagnostic test we can do for gas exchange?
|
>PFT-pulmonary function test (total capacity of inhalation and exhalation) >CXR -chest xray >ABG- brachial artery >Sputum culture >CBC/h+h >TB skin test >Thoracentesis- needle into pleura space and draw up fluid >Bronchoscopy |
|
|
After any diagnostic test we the nurse must monitor the patient to make sure they do not develop any ________ ______?
|
Respiratory complications
|
|
|
What are some Interventions ?
|
>Smoking cessation >Losing weight >Getting vaccines **#1 have to treat underlying cause** |
|
|
What medications can we use for gas exchange issues?
|
>Nebulizer >Symbicort and Advair- long acting beta agonist combined with steroid >Atrovent >Anticholinergic- it dries secretions or decrease mucous, relax smooth muscle around airways **Albuterol+ Levelbuterol -bronchodilator that relaxes muscle around airway** |
|
|
Positioning is very important so simply ________ can help the patient.
|
Sitting the patient up in the bed
|
|
|
What is a good intervention to make sure secretions do not settle in the lung?
|
Incentive spirometry
|
|
|
If the patient stays well hydrated what does it help with?
|
Helps keep the secretions thin and more easily couched up
|
|
|
Corticosteroids and Prednisone help with inflammation but long term use can cause ?
|
Osteoporosis and short term use can cause high blood sugar readings even in non diabetic patients
|
|
|
What is a basic but effective intervention to do for gas exchange patients?
|
Deep breathing and coughing exercises
|
|
|
After you have implemented some interventions what must you do?
|
Go back and make sure the interventions you did are working effectively
|
