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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___________________ are found in the muscle belly and respond to CHANGE IN LENGTH
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Muscle Spindles
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_________________________ are found at the musculotendinous junction and respond to CHANGE IN TENSION
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Golgi Tendon Organ
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List the hormones that come from the anterior pituitary
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LH, FSH, ACTH, MSH, PRL, TSH, GH
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The posterior pituitary is made of _________ tissue
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Nervous
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which thyroid hormone is active and which is inactive
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T3 - active
T4 - inactive |
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What are the hormones that bind to receptors on the cell membrane?
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Catecholamines, peptide hormones, and several eciosanoids
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name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
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Oxytocin
ADH |
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what are the four major cell types found in the islets of langerhans.
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alpha cells
beta cells delta cells f cells |
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What is the rarest type of neural classification
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biaxial
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Where is the origination of an axon potential
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trigger zone
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t/f : there is no regeneration expected for nerve cell bodies in the CNS
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false
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most common neuron, all motor neurons to skeletal muscles and most of the CNS neurons
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multipolar
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this is the period after hyperpolarization following each AP. occurs because potassium channels remain open for a short time, allowing mrmbrane potential to return to its intial state
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afterpotential
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Distinguish between saltatory and continuous conductions
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unmyelinated axons utilize continuous conduction. it is a locan current causing depolarization of the membr and its adjacent membr from originiation to end pt.
myelinated axons utilize saltatory conduction a local current at a node of ranvier depolarizes that membr and creates a current that flows through the lipid membr toward next node of rand. |
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clinical recovery from nerve cell ;pss pccurs frpm 2 possible processes:
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1. the nerve cells are not actually destroyed, but injured enough to produce a temp. loss of fxn
2. other surrounding nerve cells are capable of taking over the fxn of destryed cells |
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What is a collection of nerve cell bodies OUTSIDE of the CNS?
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spinal ganglion
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Where are microglia found and what are their function?
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in the CNS; they are phagocytic in nature and aid in cleanup when there's damage
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What is the most common structural classification of neurons?
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multipolar (several dendrites and a single axon)
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What are some of the benefits of myelination?
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increased conductance speed of AP, and energy efficient so neuron can fire at higher frequency and for longer periods of time
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The first step in degeneration where there is initially a swelling of the cell body is called?
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chromatolysis
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The neural tube eventually develops into?
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the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
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What is endoneurium?
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a delicate layer of connective tissue around each nerve fiber
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Where is the CSF found?
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inside the subarachnoid space
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What are strong adhesions of the dura mater to the pia mater and nervous tissue?
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denticulate ligaments
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Where does the spinal cord end?
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L2 vertebra
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Which part of the spinal cord is composed of gray matter and receives incoming sensory information?
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posterior/dorsal horn cells
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Where do the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord meet?
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just distal to the posterior root ganglion
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What part of the midbrain is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements?
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substantia niagra
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Where is the primary motor cortex located?
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within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
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Which one of the sensory pathways is responsible for unconscious proprioception?
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spinocerebellar tract
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What is Broca's area responsible for?
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coordinates muscles to speak
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Which ANS has a short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron?
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sympathetic nervous system
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What are the post-ganglionic excitatory neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
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norepinephrine & epinephrine
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What is the ANS neurotransmitter receptor for ACh?
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cholinergic
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What is the hormone produced by C cells in the thyroid that assists in the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluids?
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calcitonin
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Where do Upper Motor Neuron cell originate and end?
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UMN cell bodies originate within the cortex of the brain and spinal cord and end at a connection with interneurons in the CNS.
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Voluntary Movement depends on three basic steps.
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1.Stimulation of UMN pre-motor area of cortex
2. Axons of UMNs form descending tracts to LMNs which stimulate muscles to contract 3. Cerebral cortex interacts with Basal nuclei and cerebellum |
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Where is the Primary Motor Cortex found?
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Pre-Central Gyrus of frontal lobe
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Motor tracts are Sub-divided into what 2 pathways?
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Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal
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Name the 4 main tracts of the Extrapyramidal System and what they do.
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1. Rubrospinal- coordination of movement
2. Vestibulospinal- maintain upright posture and balance 3. Reticulospinal- adjustments to posture and walk 4. Tectospinal- movements of head and neck due to visual and auditory reflexes. |
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Diencephalon consists of what parts of the brain?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus
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Midbrain, pons and medulla make up this part of the brain.
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the Brain Stem
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This structure in the Midbrain(Mesenephalon) is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements
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Substantia Nigra
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This is a small area that is superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the Pineal Gland and Habenula.
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The Epithalamus
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What regulates your carcadian rhythm?
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The Hypothalamus
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What are the functions of dendrites?
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-aid in nutrient absorption of neuron by increasing SA for nutrient exchange
-conduction of nerve impulses TOWARD cell body |
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Where is the origin of the AXON
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Axon Hillock
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What is the TRIGGER ZONE?
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Axon Hillock + initial segment
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these nueronal structures are unbranched through most of their length until endings where they branch repeatedly
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axon
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These neuronal structures are NOT the same as cytoplasm cell body. WHY
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axons. becuz they are specialized for conduction of AP
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most cells have a single ____ that conducts info AWAY from cell body
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axon
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What the types of neruonal classification
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structural and functional
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Nueronal classification can be divided into structional and functional. Structural classification can be further subdivided into...
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Axonic...bipolar...pseudounipolar...multipolar
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most common type of neron
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multipolar
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functional classification of neuron classification can be divided into 3 groups. what are they
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sensory..motor...interneruons
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are neroglia cells excitable or non excitable? Whats their function
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non excitable - function to support, insulate and nourish neurons
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types of neuroglia support cells found in cns
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oligodendrocytes..... epydemeal cells...astrocytes...microglia
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what are the support "neuroglia" cells in the PNS
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satelite cells and schwann celss
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schwann cells can sound axon, always myelinating them. true or false
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falseee
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the fatty later around nerve fiber that improves transmission speed along axon
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myelin
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unmyelinated fibers are only surrounded by ___________ cells that are not myelinating type
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neuroglia
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t/f neural cell bodies nor dentrites are never myelinated
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true
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these are constrictions separating successive segmets of myelin
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nodes of ranvier
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WIthin 3 - 5 days post injury, all of the axon DISTAL to injury will degenerate, and macrophages come in and clean AREA. what process are we describing?
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wallerian degeneration
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initially where there is swelling of the cell body lasting 10 - 20 days
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chromatolysis
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This part of the PNS is voluntary and lets us control or skeletal muscles
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Somatic NS
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Metabolic and genetic center of a neuron
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Cell Body
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A single cell body with 2 axons and their dendritic extensions
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Bipolar Neuron
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What is myelin?
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A fatty layer around a nerve fiber that improves transmission speed along an axon
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A stimulus must be large enough to achieve the threshold of the membrane i is acting on
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All or none principle
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A local current causing depolarization of the membrane and its adjacent membrane from origination to end point
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Continuous Conduction
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Swelling of a call body
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Chromatolysis
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Outer most and thickest layer of spinal cord
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Dura Mater
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Anterior horn cells give rise to what?
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Voluntary motor fibers
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The type of reflex does not have a interneuron
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The Stretch Reflex
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This reflex functions to remove a limb or body part from a painful stimulus
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Withdrawal Reflex
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Supplies the muscles and skin of the medial back
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Dorsal Rami
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The brain and spinal cord from from this
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Neural Tube
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What are the parts of the brain stem?
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla
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Cranial Nerves 5-8 exit from this part of the brain
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The Pons
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The pineal gland has some influence over what?
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Sleep wake cycle and biorhythms
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What is CN 3 and what is it functions?
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Oculomotor Nerve. Movement of the eye and parasympathetic to cause pupil constriction and accomodation
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This Cranial Nerve is responsible from hearing and balance
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CN 8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Damage to this causes motor or expressive aphasia
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Broca's motor speech area
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All pituatary gland hormones are formed from what chemical structuce?
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Peptide
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What is the function of the astrocyte
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to form the blood brain barrier
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what is the function of the oligodendrocytes
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to form the myelin sheath around the axons of the cns
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what is the function of the ependymal cells
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to line the brain and central canal of spinal cord and form/ circulate CSF
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what is the function of the schwann cells?
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to form the myelin sheath around the axons of the pns
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what is the function of the satellite cells?
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support neurons in the pns ganglia
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What kind of cells are the neurons and neuroglia?
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neurons are conducting cells and neuroglia are supporting cells
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what is the function of the medulla and what nerves arise from it?
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breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
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what is the function of the pons and what nerves goes through here?
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this is the respiratory center and it helps the medulla regulate respiration. and CN V exits here
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what does the dorsal side of the midbrain do? and what is another name for the midbrain?
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its reflex causes movement of the head, eyes, body toward a stimulus. another name for it is the mesencephalon.
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what is the three layers of the meninges?
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Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
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Name cranial nerve 2, 4, 6, 8
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optic, trochlear, abducens, vestibulochlear
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what is cranial nerve one and what is its function?
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olfactory nerve and it allows for smelling
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what is cranial nerve 5 and what is its function?
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trigeminal nerve
motor part- muscles of mastication sensory part- teeth, skin of face |
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is cranial nerve 12 motor or sensory nerve?
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motor only
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what is cranial nerve 3, and what is its function?
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oculomotor
motor part- pulls eye up, controls ciliary muscle (lens) sensory part- proprioception |
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name the sensory tracts
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spinothalamic
spinoreticular spinomesencephalic |
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what is the difference between a hemorrhage and hematoma?
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hemorrhage is the loss of blood from ruptured vessels while hematoma is clotted blood at an injury site
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what is the two types of strokes?
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hemorrhagic and ischemic
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what is happens when the brocas area is damaged?
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expressive aphasia which disrupts organizational aspect of language
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what happens when the wernickes area is damaged?
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word salad which is speech is fluent and clear, but words don't make sense
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What nerves does the Somatic Nervous System include?
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all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors.
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the somatic sensory system transmits what?
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sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
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How do the ANS and SNS differ in thier effectors?
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ANS goes to the smooth muscle/ cardiac muscle/glands
SNS goes to the skeletal muscle |
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the somatic motor system does what?
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permits voluntary and reflexive movement by causing position from sensory receptors
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T/f the SNS has sends inhibitory signals
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False
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What neurons release acetylcholine?
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all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles and by some neurons of the ANS
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Name some functions that the Sympathetic system of the ANS does?
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-dliates eyes
-increase heart rate and the strenght of heart beat -stimulates adrenal hormone (adrenaline) secretion in the blood |
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What are the four basic groups of hormones?
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-amino acid derivatives
-peptide hormones -steriod hormones -eicosanoids |
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What are hormones that cross the call membrane called?
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lipid soluble hormones
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What hormone is involved of development of ovaries, release of estrogens; sperm production
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
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What nerves does the Somatic Nervous System include?
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all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors.
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the somatic sensory system transmits what?
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sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
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How do the ANS and SNS differ in thier effectors?
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ANS goes to the smooth muscle/ cardiac muscle/glands
SNS goes to the skeletal muscle |
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the somatic motor system does what?
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permits voluntary and reflexive movement by causing position from sensory receptors
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T/f the SNS has sends inhibitory signals
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False
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What neurons release acetylcholine?
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all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles and by some neurons of the ANS
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Name some functions that the Sympathetic system of the ANS does?
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-dliates eyes
-increase heart rate and the strenght of heart beat -stimulates adrenal hormone (adrenaline) secretion in the blood |
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What are the four basic groups of hormones?
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-amino acid derivatives
-peptide hormones -steriod hormones -eicosanoids |
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What are hormones that cross the call membrane called?
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lipid soluble hormones
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome
mech |
Phagocytic cell deficiency
Defect in LFA-1 adhesion proteins (CD18) on phagocyte |
