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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Syntax: |
Is the subsystem regarding the set of rules, principles, and processes that relate to sentences and their structure.
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Types of sentence Structure: |
-Simple -Compound -Complex -Compound-Complex |
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Sentence structures most commonly associated with Formal language? Why? |
Complex & Compound Complex! Because they convey as much information as possible. |
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Complex sentences are... |
Sentences that contain two clauses joined together with a subordinating conjunction, for the purpose of adding additional information to a sentence.
e.g: I like swimming because I'm naturally athletic! |
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Compound-complex sentences are... |
Sentences that contain both a subordinating and a coordinating conjunction. Contain both a compound and a complex sentence structure! e.g: Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time recently, and I haven't had time off work. |
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Subordinating Conjunctions: |
Subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that exist for the purpose of adding additional information. They join a subordinating clause (additional information) to a main clause. |
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Coordinating Conjunctions: |
A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank.
Refer to FANBOYS! |
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F A N B O Y S stands for... |
Coordinating conjunctions; For, And, Not, But, Or, Yet, So! |
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The four sentence types are... |
Declaritive, Imperative, Interogative & Exclamative! |
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Declarative Sentences are... |
Sentences that state something! e.g. "I wrote a book". |
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Imperative Sentences are... |
Sentences that command something! e.g. "Go to bed!". |
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Interrogative Sentences are... |
Sentences that are questions! e.g. "Can we go to the movies?" |
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Exclamative Sentences are... |
Sentences that exclaim something, usually an emotion. e.g. "I hate waking up early!" |
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Passive & Active Voice: Which is more formal? |
Passive: puts the object before the subject! This is more common in formal language as it puts the importance of the prioritised information first in a sentence. e.g. "The book was written by them". Active: puts the subject before the object. e.g. "April wrote the book" |
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Agentless passives: |
Are uses of passive voice where there is no subject mentioned (as the agent is likely irrelevant!) e.g. "Smoking is prohibited!" |
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What is nominalisation, and why may it be used? |
Is when a verb is converted into a noun. (e.g. stabilise > stabilisation) It can often be used to 'hide a blame', for example instead of stating "he interrupted the plan" you could state "the interruption of the plan", making the phrase agentless. |
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Conversions are... |
Changes in any lexical item to another word class. (e.g. 'solemn' to 'solemnised' / adjective to verb!) |
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Parallelisms are... (Stylistic device) |
Parallelism is the use of matchingwords, phrases, clauses, orsentence structures to expresssimilar ideas.
e.g. "whether in class, at work or at home, she was always busy!" AND "like father, like son". |
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Lexicology & Morphology are... |
Lexicology: is the subsystem of language which deals with words overall (their behaviours, etc.) Morphology: is the subsystem of language which deals with the internal structures of words. |
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Lexical Choices are... |
The choice of words used within a text/speech/etc. Often they belong to a similar semantic field -if the text is cohesive-, and can convey domain and text type. |
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Idioms are... (Stylistic feature!) |
A group of words with a meaning not deducible from the words individually. E.g. "over the moon" or "see the light". |
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Affixation is... |
Regards the uses of prefixes and suffixes. |
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Collocations are... |
A group (or pair) of words that usually go together. It may or may not make sense grammatically. e.g. "heavy rain" instead of 'big rain'. |
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Compounding is... |
Is the combination of two or more free morphemes to form a new word. e.g. "dry-cleaning" or greenhouse. |
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Acronyms & abbreviations are... |
Acronyms: technically spell out another word whilst retaining the same meaning. e.g. As soon as possible > ASAP. Abbreviations: are shortened forms of a word or phrase. e.g. Mister > Mr. |
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Semantics is... |
The subsystem that regards word meaning. |
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Connotation and denotation is... |
Connotation: Any positive or negative associations with a word. e.g. "blue" = sad. Denotation: the literal word definition. e.g. dog = the animal. |
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Figurative Language: |
Language that conveys high levels of non-literal meaning or simply stylistic features. e.g. hyperbole, analogies, personification, etc. |
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Oxymorons and Paradox's are... |
Oxymorons: contradictory figures of speech. e.g. 'living dead', 'alone together', 'seriously funny'. Paradoxs: self-contradictory statements in which both statements made cannot be true at the same time. e.g. "you shouldn't go into the water until you know how to swim". |
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Antonyms and Synonyms are... |
Antonyms: word opposites! e.g. good and bad. Synonyms: words with a similar meaning / wors=ds that are interchangable! e.g. afraid and scared OR funny and humourous. |
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Homophones are... |
Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings. e.g. dear and deer. |
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Homonyms are... |
Words both said and spelt the same way, but hold different meanings. e.g. 'fine' "i'm feeling fine" OR "i owe a fine" |
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Hyponymy is... |
Something that shows the relationship between more general terms (hypernyms) and the more specific instances of it (hyponyms).
e.g. Dogs > border collies, german shepherds, labradors. |
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A synecdoche is... |
A figure of speech used to represent a whole group or vise versa. e.g. The English Cricket team scored 10 points! > England scored 10 points. |
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Lexical Ambiguity is... |
The chance of two or more possible meanings within a word. Often associated with homonyms. |
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Alliteration: (Stylistic Device) |
Is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of similarly, related words.
e.g. "Cute, cuddly cat!" |
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Allusion: (SD) |
Is an indirect reference to something (pop culture, etc.) e.g. "Her smile was more intriging than that of Mona Lisa" |
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Anaphora: (SD) |
Is the repeatition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences repeatedly. e.g. "If only I..." "If only we..." "If only they..." |
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Antithesis: (SD) |
It is the contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences. It emphasises the difference between two ideas (that are most likely opposites!) e.g. “That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” |
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Consonance: |
Is the repetition of consonants within a sentence/phrase. e.g. Shelly sells seashells by the seashore. |
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Ellipsis and Elision: (SD) |
Ellipsis: Is the omision of words that are not nececary for the phrase to be understood. e.g. So…what happened? Elision: Is the omision of sounds from a phrase. e.g. Parking to parkin'. |
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Hyperbole: (SD) |
Is an exaggeration that isn't meant to be taken one hundred percent literally. e.g. "I am dying of shame" or "Your suitcase weighs a ton!" |
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Juxtaposition: (SD) |
Puts two ideas near each other for the purpose of contrasting them. |
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Onomatopoeia: (SD) |
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named. e.g. 'cuckoo' or 'sizzle'. |
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Parenthesis: (SD) |
Is the use of brackets! > ( _ ) |
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Information Flow: |
Covers how sentences are structured in order to convey the varying importance of different pieces of information. |
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Front Focus is... |
When new information is 'fronted', allowing the important information to go first in a sentence. e.g. In the event of an emergency, please do not use the lifts. |
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End focus is... |
Where new information is placed at the end of sentence, deeming it not very important. e.g. The rehabilitation ward is also part of the main hospital. |
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End Weight is... |
Where the sentence is ended with a lengthy phrase... giving it 'weight'. e.g. This device delays the subject slightly, which pushes the weight of the sentence towards the end. |
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Left/Right Dislocation is... |
Is when a sentence doesn't appear to make grammatical sense as a sentence is 'dislocated'. Emphasises certain information. e.g. They went to the store, Mary and Joe. They're so loud, those dogs. |
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There-construction is... |
Are used to state something that does/doesn't exist. 'There's purpose is solely for this purpose. e.g. 'There' are sheep in the field. |
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Cataphoric references are... |
Are references that use personal pronouns to refer forward to succeeding objects. Pronoun before subject. "When he arrived, John unpacked his suitcase". |
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Anaphoric references are... |
Are references that use personal pronouns to refer back to past objects. Subject before pronoun.
"When John arrived, he unpacked his suitcase". |
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Deictic Expressions are... |
Are expressions that cannot be understood without the current context.
"They tried to stop me, but I resisted". "When she told me that, I was lost for words". |
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Clefting is... It-clefting is... |
When a complex sentence is used to express meaning which could be explained in a simple sentence.
It-clefting is when 'it' is used in order to transform the simple sentence to complex. e.g. Jim introduced me to the show. It was Jim who introduced me to the show. |
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Cohesion is... What may it include: |
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence, that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is essentially how well a text flows.
Anaphoric/Cataphoric references, Information flow, ellipses, repetition, synonyms/antonyms/hyponyms , adverbials and conjunctions work to make a cohesive text. |
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Coherence is... What does it consist of? |
Is how well a text makes sense (it's clarity), and how well readers/listeners can follow and understand the text easily.
Cohesion relies on coherence, the logical ordering/patterning of a text (chronology), inference and it's format (e.g. paragraphs, headings, etc.) |
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An inference is... |
Relates to how well a text can be understood by all... or whether is requires prior knowledge. If a text uses many inferences, it can be an incoherent text, but a cohesive text (if it is well tied together!) |
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Euphemism and Dysphemisms are... |
Euphemism: are mild, vague, indirect ways of expressing something that due to social conventions are considered taboo. They can soften the meaning of harsh subjects, and thus can influence mass attitudes and add secrecy. e.g. "he passed away" > "he died". Dysphemism: harsh, offensive expressions. e.g. fat > curvy. deaths > victims. |
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Agentless means... |
A text doesn't clarify a subject, meaning it can be about everyone (or no one in particular). If an agent isn’t clear the text may be passive. |
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Register is... |
Level of formality! Frozen, formal, consultative, casual, intimate. |
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Social purpose is... |
The main objective of the text / it's purpose for existing. |
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Audience is... |
Who the text is aimed towards. |
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Mode is... Form is... |
Mode: Spoken or written. Form: legal document, newspaper article, etc. |
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Context is... |
The situation regarding the text. The time and place in which it came to exist and any factors that may have influenced it's creation. |
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Domain is... |
The semantic field of the text. |
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Modals are... (APOP) |
Discuss...
-Ability (i can) -Possibility (could) -Obligation (i should) -Permission (may) |
