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120 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are three types of rocks? |
Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary |
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How are the tree type of rocks formed? |
Igneous is from lava of volcanoes, metamorphic is made from the layers of the underground earth heated up and pressured to form rocks, and sedimentary when sand and pebbles pressured over time. |
Volcanoe, underground, sand and pebbles |
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What geological time period saw the explosion of invertebrates? |
Paleozoic |
It’s a diet |
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What’s the Earth’s crust made of? |
Basalt-rich oceanic crust and granite-rich continental crust |
B and g |
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Which is older? Oceanic or continental crust |
Continental |
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Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountains. What types of boundaries will you find these structures? |
Transform boundaries create earthquakes, convergent boundaries create mountains and earthquakes, and divergent create earthquakes and volcanoes. |
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What are the three types of boundaries? |
convergent, divergent, and transform |
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What is released into the atmosphere when a volcano erupts? |
Steam, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide |
S, cd, hc, sd |
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What is subduction? |
When one plate at a convergent boundary goes underneath the other. |
One under |
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Where is new crust created? |
Volcanos |
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How are earthquakes measured? |
Richter scale |
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What is convection and where does it take place on Earth? |
Convection is when cold air is heated up from the sun rays causing them to rise. |
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Why do we have seasons? |
The Earth’s tilt and rotation around the Sun creating a difference in heat on the surface creating seasons |
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What influences the direction of wind? |
Temperature, pressure differences, and the Coriolis effect |
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Compare weather to climate |
Climate is the weather in a certain area over a certain amount of time. |
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What creates ITCZ zone |
Inner tropical convergence zone is at the equator where trade winds meet. |
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What kind of air do we find at the equator? |
Trade winds |
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What is an El Niño? What is a characteristic of an El Niño year |
Air pressures reverse direction, causing trade winds to decrease in strength. This causes the normal flow of water away from western South America to decrease and “pile up” As a result the thermocline off western South America becomes deeper and results in a decrease in the upwelling of nutrients, which causes extensive fish kills |
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What is the Coriolis effect? Why does it exist? |
Prevailing winds in the Northern hemisphere to spiral clockwise out from high-pressure areas and spiral counterclockwise towards low pressure areas. This is because of Earth’s rotation on its axis causes winds to not travel straight. |
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Describe India’s monsoon season |
During the Indian winter the monsoon winds blow from the Himalayas down to India toward the sea and then during the summer the seas monsoon winds blow from the sea. |
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What gasses were not present when the Earth was formed? |
Oxygen |
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What is albedo in relation to surfaces? |
The reflectivity of a surface making it cooler usually. |
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How does the Coriolis effect water? |
Water in the northern hemisphere swirls clockwise while in Southern Hemisphere it swirls counterclockwise. |
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What characteristics of water cause it to rise and fall? |
Temperature, wind, ocean currents, and land movements. |
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Where are the largest of fresh water reservoirs found? |
Glaciers and ice caps |
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What reclamation? |
Reclaiming renewable resources |
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What is remediation? |
Removal of pollution or contaminants from the environment |
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What is conservation? |
When someone preserves a non-renewable resource through regulations. |
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What are the zones of a lake and where would you find submerged plants? |
Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic zones. Euphotic |
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Why does the Colorado river not drain into the gulf anymore? |
Dams and other man made obstructions. |
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What is a eutrophic lake? |
Shallow, rock bottomed, low oxygen in water deeper than 30 ft, the water is murky from organic material, heavy aquatic weed growth, few if any cold fish. |
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What is thermocline? |
A steep temperature gradient in a body of water. |
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What is the orographic effect? |
The change in atmospheric conditions based on elevation |
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What type of problems arrive from dams |
Flooding, drought, destruction of aquatic habitats. |
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What are characteristics of wetlands |
Land that is covered in water and supports aquatic life at some point in the year, high plant productivity, any kind of water, shallow or standing water with emergent vegetation, vegetation that is water tolerant. |
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Characteristics of soil |
Aeration, degree of soil compaction, nutrient holding capacity, permeability, pH, pore size, size of soil particle, water holding capacity |
A,D,N,Pe,PH,PS,SSP,W |
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What biome soil recycles organic matter quickly? |
Tropical rainforest |
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What soil type has the smallest particle |
Clay |
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Topsoil is what type of resource? |
Renewable |
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What is the difference between abiotic and biotic? |
Biotic is living resources live plants and animals while abiotic is non living like water. |
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What are the layers of soil and characteristics? |
O horizon-leaves and other partially dead organic matter. A horizon-Top soil with organic matter, living organisms, inorganic minerals E horizon- leaching B horizon- tends to be yellowish due to acclamation of minerals leached from A and E horizons C horizon- weathered parent material Bedrock- |
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Porosity in soil is a measure of? |
Space between soil particles |
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What causes soil degradation |
Desertification, salinization, waterlogging |
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Know how to use ternary diagram |
H |
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What is mutualism? Name different types and examples |
Mutualism-++, alligators and birds Commensalism-+•, Cows and grass Predation-+-, coyotes and rabbits Neutralism-••, Monkeys and turtles Armensalism_-•, Humans and ants
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Biomes |
Hhenajenr. What is the point where is that your truck and you can |
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What is generalist species |
A species that has generals abilities to survive through general techniques |
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What is specialist species? |
A species that uses a special skill to provide for itself. |
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What are zones in the oceans? Where are the most producers? |
Photic, aphotic, benthic, neratic. Photic |
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What are keystones species? |
A species where if goes extinct can cause the fall of an entire ecosystem. |
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What are the roles of predators in an ecosystem? |
Predators maintain prey population maintaining their consumption. |
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Where two biomes meet and there is a change in population is called |
Ecotone |
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What is consider when looking at fundamental niche? |
Their generalistness |
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List biomass of biomes in order of least to greatest |
Tundra, lakes, temperate grasslands, Savanna, coniferous forest, temperate forest, tropical rainforest,, swamps and marshes, Estuaries |
Tu,L,TG,S,CF,TeF,TrF,SM,E |
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What is an endemic species? |
Species that is deprecate from species |
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What is an indicator species? |
Organisms whose presence, absence, or abundance reflect specific environmental conditions. |
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What is invasive species? |
A species that invades a land it is not native to and overtakes the environment. |
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What is a pioneer species? |
Species that first colonize a steady previously biodiverse ecosystem. |
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What the soil types in different biomes |
What area where is it going on in my house I just got a call and I’ll see what I gotta in about a half an inch or two different types and I have no one else in the world but I’m not sure |
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What organism carry out cellular respiration? |
Plants |
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Why are there only 4 levels of trophic pyramids? |
Because the energy levels past four can’t support an organism. |
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What is the difference of a pyramid of biomass and a pyramid of energy? |
Pyramid of biomass tells us the biomass loss and pyramid energy and the loss of energy |
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What concepts describe the loss of energy between the trophic levels |
The 10% rule |
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What is species richness? How is it determined? |
Species richness is the count of how many species are in an area? |
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What is ecological equilibrium? |
A state of dynamic balance of within a community of organisms in which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively the same. |
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What is natural selection |
The process where those that survive predators and other forces usually pass on the traits to adapt and eventually evolve the species. |
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What are positive feedback loops? |
When the original input is exaggerated in the output |
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What some contributing factors to current extinction rates. |
Poaching, pollution, and overpopulation |
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What is the theory of island biogeography? |
That the closer to the mainland and the bigger the island the more species richness of an island |
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How can humans increase species diversity |
Conservation |
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What are three types of evolution? |
Convergent- when 2 dissimilar species become more similar Divergent- when 2 similar species become different Parallel Evolution-When 2 different species stay different. |
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What does survival of the fittest mean? |
When a species has a stronger trait that helps them survive their environment over the weaker traited species. |
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What is a climax community? What are it’s characteristics? |
When a community of plants and animals reach a steady state. |
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What is allopatric speciation? |
When a species is divided and then interrupts the gene flow creating 2 different species |
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What is co-evolution? |
When two species effect each other evolution pattern. |
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What is adaptive radiation? |
When a species turns into multiple that then develop their own niches |
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What is nonantropogenic secondary succession? |
When a series of communities changes happen on a previously colonized but damaged habitat. |
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What is eutrophication? |
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake |
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What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession? |
In primary succession the habitat is entirely brand new while in secondary the habitat was injured and now revamped. |
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Where is the largest old growth forest in America? |
The Tongass National Forest |
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What is a limiting factor in an environment? |
A environmental condition that limits the expansion of an organism. |
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Ammonia is converted to nitrite and nitrite to |
Nitrate |
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Where is he major reservoir of nitrogen? Sulfur? |
Nitrogen=Atmosphere Sulfur=Hotsprings |
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Plants assimilate sulfur in what form? |
Cystiene |
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List of human activities that increase sulfur |
Burning fossil fuels |
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What is the process called where plants covert ammonia and nitrite to DNA and proteins? |
Nitrification |
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What are carbon sinks? |
An environment that absorbs carbon dioxide well |
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Which nutrient cycle does the key nutrient stay the same? |
Nitrogen cycle |
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Name the nutrient cycle where the nutrient is reduced and released into the air |
Carbon cycle |
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What is the biotic potential of a species? |
The maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions |
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What is carrying capacity? |
The amount of population that the environment can handle to sustain the population. |
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What is the growth prediction model |
H |
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What are the different types of population distributions? |
Clumping, random, uniform |
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H |
H |
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What is an age structure diagram? |
An age structure diagram compares 2 population size based on age |
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What are major contributions to population growth? |
Industrialization and modern medicine |
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What is fertility? |
Fertility is the rate of babies per woman |
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What are the 3 types of survivorship |
Type 1- Late loss Type 2- all ages are uniform in death rate Type 3- Early loss |
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H |
H |
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What are the 5 phases of pop growth |
Pre-Industrial Transitional Industrial Post-Industrial Sub-replacement level fertility |
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What is the mark and recapture method |
It is where you go in set area and capture whatever species and tag them. You then come back later and recapture again. You then mark down the amount tagged and not and put it into an equation to calculate |
N=(MC)/R N=estimated population size M=number first marked C=number caught second R=recaptured |
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What regions in the world will experience the greatest growth in the next 50 years? |
Asia and Africa |
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H |
H |
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What is a population pyramid |
It is used the same as age structure diagram |
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H |
H |
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What is typical of the transition from rural to urbanized. |
A drop in child mortality rates |
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What are contributing factors to China’s one child policy rule |
There abundant population and pollution |
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H |
H |
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H |
H |
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What is exponential growth |
When a population grows exponentially with no carrying capacity. |
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What is an equation that will calculate when a population will double in size? |
Rule of 70 |
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What is replacement level fertility |
When there is enough babies to replace the older generation which equals 2.1 |
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What is a k-strategist species? |
Tends to mature later with less off spring, density dependent, tend to be larger, and live long |
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What is an R-strategist |
Short lived, mature rapidly, lots of offspring, tend to be small, and low parental care species |
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What exemplifies population momentum? |
Eastern Europe |
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Density dependent limiting factor |
Competition |
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What is the root cause of most environmental problems |
Overpopulation |
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Developed v developing countries |
Developed have low child mortality rates and lower fertility rates than developing countries |
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What are some factors that contribute to high child mortality rates |
Lack of modern medicine and agriculture. Small incomes means less food for children |
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What do population curves indicate |
S= the population has reached its carrying capacity J= population is growing exponentially |
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