Final Revision

Front 1

Structure of diaphyses?

Back 1

Outer periosteum

Inner endosteum containing bone marrow

Front 2

What is the PERIOSTEUM?

Back 2

Vascular membrane covering bone except joint cavities

Front 3

Structure of PERIOSTEUM

Back 3

Outer layer - tough fibrous protection

Inner later - blasts and clasts for growth and repair

Front 4

3 functions of PERIOSTEUM?

Back 4

Attachments to ligaments and bones.

Provides a blood supply.

Contains nociceptors

Front 5

What is the LAMELLA made of?

Back 5

Extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres

Front 6

Example of a short bone?

Back 6

Carpals

Front 7

Example of a flat bone?

Back 7

Scapula

Front 8

Example of an irregular bone?

Back 8

Vertebrae

Front 9

Example of SESAMOID bone

Back 9

Patella

Front 10

What are the two types of ossification?

Back 10

Intramembraneous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Front 11

What happens in INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification?

What age?

Back 11

Bone forms in mesenchyme.

Embro and foetus.

Front 12

What happens in ENDOCHONDRAL ossification?

What age?

Back 12

Bone forms within hyaline cartilage.

Up to age of 25.

Front 13

What are the two names for bone formation?

Back 13

OSSIFICATION and OSTEOGENESIS

Front 14

When does OSSIFICATION occur? (3)

Back 14

Growth

Bone remodelling

Repair

Front 15

What happens to the EPIPHYSEAL plate in early 20s?

What does this mean?

Back 15

It ossifies so that only a thing epiphyseal line remains.

Bones cant grow anymore in length.

Front 16

How does bone growth occur after early 20s?

Back 16

Appositional growth = increase in diameter.

Front 17

How does appositional growth occur?

Why?

Back 17

Osteoblasts form compact bone in periosteum

While osteoclasts break down bone in medullary cavity.

Increase in diameter with little increase in weight

Front 18

How does growth occur in ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION?

Back 18

Around the epiphyseal plate

Bone cells are produced by mitosis

Then ossified by osteoblasts.

Front 19

Why do blood calcium levels need to be tightly controlled? (3)

Back 19

Blood clotting

Proper nerve function

Proper muscle function

Front 20

How do bones get stronger through increased mechanical stress? (2)

Back 20

Increased mineral deposition and production of collagen fibres.

Front 21

Three functions of INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS?

Back 21

Shock absorbing

Separating

Bind vertebral bodies

Front 22

What does the pelvic girdle comprise of?

Back 22

Hip bones

Sacrum

Front 23

How many joins in human body?

Back 23

187

Front 24

Example of a saddle joint?

Back 24

Thumb

Front 25

Example of an ellipsoid joint?

Back 25

Wrist

Front 26

What is the bursae made of?

Back 26

Connective tissue filled with fluid.

Front 27

Job of bursa

Back 27

Cushion movement

Front 28

4 positions of bursa

Back 28

skin & bone

muscle & bone

tendon & bone

lligament & bone

Front 29

Three types of fracture?

Back 29

Simple

Greenstick

Compound

Front 30

What happens in a sprain?

Back 30

Joint forced past normal range stretching or tearing a LIGAMENT.

Front 31

How does menopause effect osteoporosis?

Back 31

Low oestrogen causing excessive bone resorption

Front 32

What is the calcium blood serum level in HYPERCALCAEMIA?

Back 32

<2.5mmol

Front 33

4 causes of HYPERCALCAEMIA

Back 33

Tumour

Hyperparathyroidism

Immobility

Excessive calcium/ vitamin D intake

Front 34

3 synptoms of HYPERCALCAEMIA?

Back 34

Muscle weakness

Lethargy

Anorexia

Irregular heartbeat

Polyuria

Front 35

What is OSTEOMYELITIS?

Where is it most common?

Back 35

Infection of bone marrow.

1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae

Front 36

Cause of OSTEOMYELITIS?

Back 36

Immune suppression.

Front 37

4 symptoms of OSTEOMYELITIS

Back 37

Tenderness on percussion

Generalised back ache

Severe night pain

Muscular guarding

Front 38

What is the risk of a benign pressure and why?

Back 38

Cause pressure and deep pain

Risk of fracture

Front 39

What usually causes malignant bone tumours?

Back 39

Secondary from other organ.

Front 40

3 steps of a slipped disc.

Back 40

1. Fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs worn away

2. Sudden stress on disc can then cause herniation (pulposus bulges out)

3. Herniation puts pressure on nerves causing pain

Front 41

What is bursitis?

Back 41

Inflammation of the bursae

Front 42

Three causes of bursitis?

Back 42

Sudden shocl

Infection

Wear and tear

Front 43

Arrangment of DNA from DNA to Chromosome (3).

Back 43

1. DNA coiled around histone

2. Organised into string like fibres called chromatin

3. Condenses even further before division into chromosomes

Front 44

What are ribosomes MADE of?

Back 44

RNA protein

Front 45

What do lysosomes contain?

Back 45

Lytic ENZYME

Front 46

The equation for 'meiosis'

Back 46

2 divisions + crossing over of homologonous pairs = recombination of genes

Front 47

Whats a zygote?

Back 47

Diploid cell with one chromosome from mother and one from father.

Front 48

4 ways a mutation could occur?

Back 48

Inversion

Deletion

Insertion
Substitution

of NUCLEOBASES

Front 49

What happens in the Transcription phase of protein synthesis? (2)

Back 49

A copy of one gene from the DNA is made into mRNA

This travels out of nucleus

Front 50

What happens in translation phase of protein synthesis

Back 50

Ribosome reads code and builds required protein.

Front 51

Whats a cell junction? (2)

Back 51

Contact or communication points between the plasma membranes of tightly packed cell.s

Front 52

Whats a tight junction? How do they form and why?

Back 52

Reinforced junctions.

Strands of protein fuse to outer surface of the cell to stop substances passing between them.

Front 53

Example of tight junction and why?

Back 53

Stomach, intestine or bladder lining.

Stops contents leaking out into blood or surround tissue. (e.g. leaky gut)

Front 54

What glycoprotein surrounds elastic fibres?

Back 54

Fibrilin

Front 55

Relationship between muscles and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM? (3)

Back 55

- Protect

-Promote flow

- Exercise can increase immune response

Front 56

Relationship between muscles and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? (3)

Back 56

Respiratory muscles facilitate airflow in and out of the lungs.

Smooth muscle adjusts airway size.

Smooth muscle in larynx changes voice

Coughing and sneezing clears airways

Improves efficient breathing

Front 57

Relationship between muscles and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? (3)

Back 57

Skeletal muscle protects and supports organs

Chewing and swallowing

Sphincters control volume in the GIT

Muscle helps mix food and move it.

Front 58

Relationship between muscles and URINARY SYSTEM? (3)

Back 58

Smooth muscle sphincter and smooth muscle in bladder.

Wall of bladder controls release of urine

Front 59

Relationship between muscles and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM? (3)

Back 59

Muscle contractions eject semen

Contractions propel egg along uterine tube

Skeletal muscle contractions associated with orgasm

Front 60

How are smooth muscles activated?

Back 60

Involuntarily

Front 61

Two types of smooth muscle?

Back 61

Visceral (single unit)

Multi unit

Front 62

Features of VISCERAL smooth muscle?

Found where?

Back 62

- Autorhythmic

-Connected by gap junctions that allow impulse to spread through adjacent fibres collectively acting as a single unit

Vessels and hollow organs

Front 63

Features of MULTI UNIT smooth muscle?

Found where?

Back 63

Fibres stimulated individually and operate independently from each other

Cilary body, iris, arrector pili

Front 64

Describe contractions in smooth muscle?

Why

Back 64

Slow and long

No T Tubules so takes longer for calcium to get in and out of muscle cells.

Front 65

Whats the stress relaxation response do?

Back 65

Produced by smooth muscles allowing organs to expand e.g. stomach

Front 66

What do smooth muscles exhibit?

Why important?

Back 66

TONICITY

GIT and blood pressure

Front 67

Describe the length and pliability of smooth muscle?

Back 67

Short and stretch more than skeletal muscle.

Front 68

3 causes of IMPINGMENT SYNDROME?

Back 68

-Overuse (tennis players)

-Bone spurs

- Oddly sized acromion so not enough space

Front 69

What is IMPINGMENT SYNDROME?

Back 69

Rotator cuff rubs or pinches against acromion.

Front 70

What do the ROTATOR CUFF tendons do?

Back 70

Connect humerus to scapula and helps raise arm.

Front 71

4 signs of IMPINGMENT SYNDROM

Back 71

- Shoulder ache

- Pain when raising arm or reaching into back pocket.

-Joint stiffness

-Catching sensation

Front 72

How much longer does CARDIAC muscle stay contracted for compared to SKELETAL muscle?

Back 72

10 - 15 x

Front 73

Gastrocnemius?

Back 73

Flexes knee and foot join at ankle

(CALF!)