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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the values clarification process? |
Discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life |
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Values clarification is influenced by? |
Culture Family Politics |
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Attitudes are composed of? |
beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies |
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The development of attitudes is influenced by? |
Age Cognitive development Family, peers, and others in the microsystem |
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Researchers suggest that attitudes about diverse cultural groups develop in the following? |
Phase I Phase II Phase III |
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Attitudes: Describe Phase I |
Awareness of cultural differences 2 1/2 to 3 years old |
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Attitudes: Describe Phase II |
Orientation toward specific culturally related words and concepts 4 years old |
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Attitudes: Describe Phase III |
Attitudes towards various cultural groups 7 years old |
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What is a prejudice? |
An attitude involving prejudgment |
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How does a prejudice occur? |
The application of the previously formed judgment to a person, object, or situation |
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What is the five steps for development of prejudice? |
Awareness Identification Attitude Preference Prejudice |
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What are the three ways of changing prejudicial attitudes? |
Increase positive intercultural contact Vicarious intercultural contact Perceptual differentiation |
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This example describes which of the three ways of changing prejudicial attitudes... "Children worked in interethnic teams at an interesting puzzle and were all praised for their work." |
Increase positive intercultural contact |
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This example describes which of the three ways of changing prejudicial attitudes..... Children were shown slides of a culturally diverse woman who appearance varied depending on whether or not she was wearing glasses, which of two different hairdos she was wearing, and whether she was smiling or frowning. |
Perceptual differentiation |
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This example describes which of the three ways of changing prejudicial attitudes..... Childrenheard an interesting story about a sympathetic and resourceful African Americanchild |
Vicarious intercultural contact |
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What is the five factors that effect attitude development ? |
Parents Peers Mass Media Community School |
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What are the three things parents can do have an effect on attitude development? |
Modeling Instruction Reinforcement and Punishment |
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What type of motivation is believed to be inborn? |
Mastery Motivation |
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What type of motivation is thought to be learned? |
Achievement Motivation |
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Which type of motivation is to explore, understand, and control one's environment? |
Mastery Motivation |
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Which type of motivation is correlated with actual achievement behavior and creates autonomy and self-confidence to achieve. |
Achievement Motivation |
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When children are said to have Intrinsic motivation, what does this mean? |
Self-motivation "I feel proud" |
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When children are said to have exctrinsic motivation, what does this mean? |
Approval and/or reward "Dad is pleased, now I can buy a toy" |
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According to Wigfieldand colleagues (2006) Children withhigh achievement motivation have parents who provide? |
Warmth Developmentally appropriate timing ofachievement demands High confidence in child’s abilities Supportive Affective family environment Highly motivated role models |
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Childrenwith ______________ _________________ forsuccess on a task usually persist at it longer and perform better than childrenwith low expectations |
High expectations |
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What kind of teachers emphasize the learning process over performance outcomes, as well as givefeedback, help motivate children achieve and expect success. |
Caring and Supportive Teachers |
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What is the locus of control? |
One’s attribution of performance, orperception of responsibility for success or failure. |
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What does it mean when you have a internal locus of control? |
The perception that one is responsiblefor one’s own fate |
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What does it mean when you have an external locus of control? |
The perception that others or outsideforces are responsible for one’s fate |
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What is learned helplessness? |
Individuals become passive and losemotivation when placed in situations where outcomes are unaffected by theirbehavior. |
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What is personal agency? |
The realization that one’s actions cause outcomes. |
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What is self-efficacy? |
It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce outcomes. |
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Self-regulation can be observed in children beginning about what age? |
Two years old and older |
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Self-regulation refers to? |
The ability to delay gratification To sustain attention to a task Plan and self-monitor a goal-directedactivity |
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Emotional regulation: What is Antisocial Behavior? |
Anybehavior that harms other people, such as aggression, violence, or crime |
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Emotional Regulation: What is Prosocial Behavior? |
Any behavior that benefits other people,such as altruism, sharing, and/or cooperation |
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Emotional Regulation: Describe Aggression? |
Unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel |
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Emotional Regulation : What is Alturism? |
Voluntary actions that are intended tohelp or benefit another person or group of people without the actor’s anticipationof external rewards |
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What are the four explanations of Aggression theories? |
Biological Social Cognitive Sociocultural Ecological |
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Aggression theories: What are biological explanations? |
Evolution & Genetics |
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Aggression theories: What are social cognitive explanations? |
Learning theory Modeling Media Parenting style Information processing |
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Aggression theories: What are the sociocultural explanations? |
Peers Community |
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Aggression theories:What are ecological explanations? |
Physical surroundings |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social Cognitive?What sub category does this fall into? "Kids learn from peers of their own age or parents" |
Social Cognitive Modeling |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social Cognitive? What sub category does this fall into?
"Serotonin – “Happy” hormone found in thebrain. This can have an impact on decreasing Serotonin!" |
Biological
Genes |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social cognitive? What subcategory does this fall into? "Huge! This has an impact on how children and adolescents will act andthink accordingly" |
Social Cognitive Parenting Styles |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social cognitive? What subcategory does this fall into? "Genes are mutated and the brain evolvesover decades and centuries!" |
Biological Evolution |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social Cognitive? What subcategory does this fall into? "Rewards vs. Punishment" |
Social cognitive Learning Theory |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social Cognitive? What subcategory does this fall into? "The way an individual attends to,perceives, remembers, and acts on events or situations." |
Social Cognitive Information Processing |
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Aggression theories: Biological or Social cognitive? What subcategory does this fall into? "teacheschildren how to act a certain way." |
Social Cognitive Media |
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What are the five explanations of Alturism theories? |
Biological Social Cognitive Cognitive Developmental Social Interaction Sociocultural |
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Alturism Theories: **Freud believed that alturistic behavior is an? |
Indicationof the ability to regulate biological drives |
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**Moral code develops through? |
Social interaction |
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Morality reflects one's level of? |
Intellectual development as well as attitudes |
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Piaget's Morality: What is it called when children think of rules as moral absolutes that cannot be changed? |
Heteronomous Morality |
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Piaget's Morality: What is it called when children realize that rules our arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them? |
Autonomous Morality |
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How many levels does Kohlberg's moral development have? |
Level I Level II Level III |
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Level I is known as? How many stages does Level I have? |
Preconventional Stage 1 & Stage 2 |
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Level II is know as? How many stages does Level II have? |
Conventional Stage 3 & 4 |
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Level III is know as? How many stages does Level III have? |
Postconventional Stage 5 & Stage 6 |
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Gilligan's Moral Perspective: What moral perspective emphasizes the rights of the individual; when individuals conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail? |
Justice moral perspective |
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Gilligan's Moral Perspective: What moral perspective views people in terms of theirconnectedness to others; Others’welfare is intrinsically connected to one’s own? |
Care moral perspective |
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Moral Development is influenced by? |
Temperament self-control self-esteem age/intelligence education social interaction emotion family variables |
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What is gender roles "sex typing"? |
Classification into gender roles based on biological sex |
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What is a psychoanalytic theory? |
How one comes to “feel” likea male or female |
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What does Freud believed when it comes to psychoanalytic theory? |
That boys will become close to their fathers because he loves his mother and is fearful that his father, who loves his mother, will punish him for that love. There’s a sense of competition for the attention. This ideology is true for girls. The end result is that the child will hope that mom or dad will love them because he or she is like their same-gender parent. |
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What is a Social cognitive theory? |
How one comes to behave like a male or female |
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What is cognitive – developmental theory? |
How one comes to reason about oneself asa male or female |
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What is gender schema theory? |
How one comes to process informationabout oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information |
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What are gender role influences? |
Family Peers School Community Mass media |
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Which of the following is true about values? a. They are outcomes of socialization. b. They can change over time. c. They are qualities are beliefs that are viewed as important. d. All of these are correct. |
d. All of these are correct |
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Insa believes that all Americans are overweight and obsessed with possessions. This is an example of a? a. Moral b. value c. Self-concept d. Stereotype |
d. Stereotype |
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The development of attitudes is influenced by? a. Age b. Cognitive development c. Social experiences d. All of these |
d. All of these |
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According to Aboud (1998), the young children's prejudicial attitudes are due to? a. Cognitive immaturity b. The desire to hurt others c. Preschool curricula d. None of these |
a. Cognitive immaturity |
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Bigler, Brown, and Markell (2001) Found that when children are given social comparisons, such as "the yellow group is more athletic," they? a. Ignore what adults tell them b. Ignore what teachers tell them c. Do not express prejudice d. Use the comparisons themselves |
d. Use the comparisons themselves |
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Self-regulation is related to? a. The inhibition of antisocial behavior b. The inhibition of aggressive behavior c. Showing prosocial behavior d. All of the above |
d. All of the above |
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The "Culture of Honor" refers to the idea that? a. Males should marry young b. Aggression is an acceptable reaction to personal affront (attacks c. Mesosystems are the most important of the types of systems d. Cultural values are genetically inherited |
b. Aggression is an acceptable reaction to personal affront (attacks) |
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Preschool teachers can minimize aggression by? a. Giving children alternate ways of solving problems b. Stopping aggression immediately after it happens c. Setting standards and sticking to them d. All of these |
d. All of these |
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Which of the following best illustrates the principle of modeling? a.Children who observe an adult donating to charity are more likely to donate themselves b. Children who observe someone keeping money instead of giving it to charity will still donate their own money c. Children who are taught to act healthfully in one situation are not likely to act helpfully in another situation d. Children do not imitate the behavior peers |
a. Children who observed an adult donating to charity are more likely to donate themselves |
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If you are interested in how an individual's social experiences result in the formation of judgments about social relationships, roles, and laws, you are interested in issues similar to those studied by? a. Aries b. Piaget c. Freud d. Behaviors |
b. Piaget |
