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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Terrorism |
The illegitimate use of violence by sub-state actors to inspire fear by attacking civilians or symbolic targets. This is done for drawing widespread attention to grievance, provoking a severe response or wearing down opponents moral. |
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Jihad |
Arabic: struggle 1. Internal struggle to be a better Muslim 2. Societal struggle to closer align with the Koran 3. Call to arms to wage war in self-defense of Islamic community |
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Dual-Use Technology |
Civilian and military use; create energy, medical purposes, or WMD |
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Nuclear Deterrence |
the concept of owning the NW: stability-instability paradox. use of nuclear weapons for security |
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Stability-Instability Paradox |
Nuclear powers feel safe from large-scale attacks and so feel free to engage in low-scale provocations
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6 Reasons Why States Acquire the Bomb |
1. Psychological - leader's conception of state identity 2. Security - increase national security 3.Norms - symbol of state identity 4.Political-Economy - economic incentives 5.Strategic Cultural - 6. Domestic Politics - parochial domestic and bureaucratic interests |
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Nuclear Postures |
1. Catalytic Posture - (Israel) - requires defense via third party against aggression 2. Assured Retaliation - (China + India) - deter future attacks by guaranteeing retaliation through surviving weapons => transparent strategy 3. Asymmetrical Escalation - (France + Pakistan) - any aggression or conventional attack will be escalated to the use of nuclear weapons as defense. |
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Horizontal Proliferation |
The spread of nuclear weapons to new countries |
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Vertical Proliferation |
NWS increasing arsenal of NW |
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Ecological Footprint |
used to demonstrate the load placed upon the Earth's carrying capacity by individuals or nations. Estimates the area of productive land or aqua-system required to sustain a population at its specified standard of living |
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Global Environmental Governance |
corpus of international agreements and organizations but sometimes has a more specialized meaning of governance by NGOs and private bodies. |
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Poverty |
Situation suffered by people who do not have enough money to buy food and satisfy basic material needs. Situation where people cannot meet their material and non-material needs
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Power |
ability of political actor to achieve its goals. |
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Capacity Building |
providing funds and technical training to allow developing countries to participate in global environmental governance |
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G8 |
France, Germany, UK, US, Canada, Japan, Italy, Russia Semi-formal collaborations conducted at annual meetings about global economic problems. |
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Global Financial Crisis |
Asian Financial Crisis -1997/1998 Sub-prime Crisis USA 2008
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PIIGS Situation |
Countries whose economies relied on real-estate / trade in mortgage backed securities (both discredited). They borrowed money on international credit by selling gov. backed bonds. |
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TROIKA |
1. IMF 2. EU Commission 3. European Central Bank (Euro) |
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Austerity |
State of reduced spending and increased frugality in financial sector. Measures taken by governments to reduce growing budget deficits. |
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Foreign Direct Investments |
investment made by one company/individual based on one country into another country. Typically have a significant degree of control or influence. |
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Currency Markets |
foreign exchange markets: purely private sector arrangements for buying and selling currency, has capability to displace government financial plans (Mitterand U-Turn). There is no public oversight over what trades are made nor how much. |
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Speculation in Currencies |
1. Bet placed on power of private financial institutions on their personal contortion of the movement of relative currency. 2. Bet placed against governments ability to maintain monetary policy -> transition of power to financial institutions |
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WTO |
Permanent institution covering services, intellectual property and investment issues as well as trade. |
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GATT |
Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: mechanism for countries to reduce trade barriers through multi-lateral negotiations. |
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Most Favored Nation |
Any preferential trade agreement reached with one country should be extended to others aim: ensure uniformity of trading regulationsIM |
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IMF |
provided extensive technical assistance and short term loans to members experiencing distressed public finances
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IMF vs World Bank |
IMF: short term loans to struggling countries World Bank: loan term monetary assistance to countries seeking development prospects |
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Conditionalities |
neo-liberal policy requirements imposed by IMF/World Bank 1. neo-liberal policy in character - give countries loan based on following conditionalities. 2. Politically imposing on state autonomy: overrides electoral mandates with policies imposed |
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Problems with Conditionalities |
1. Neo-liberal: gives countries loans based on promises to follow policies 2. Politically imposing on state autonomy: forces override of electoral mandates with policies imposed 3. Allows IMF and World Bank to choose policies in developing world (personal interest) - Western Free market capitalism |
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Market Self-Regulation: |
system where financial systems are allowed to regulate themselves on the basis of price signals within markets. |
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Society of States |
An association of sovereign states based on their common interests, values and norms. |
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Tyrannical States |
States where sovereign government is massively abusing the human rights of its citizens, engaging in mass killings, ethnic cleansing, war crimes or genocide. |
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Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention |
Military intervention for humanitarian purposes which is undertaken without the express authorization of the UN Security Council (legal) |
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Common humanity |
human rights based on virtue of common humanity, with these rights generating correlative moral duties of individuals and states (moral) |
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Selectivity: |
agreed moral principle is at stake in more than one situation, but national interest dictates a divergence of response. |
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Bretton Wood |
based on government intervention to direct flow of global trade and finance: created IMF and World Bank |
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Toxic Assets |
West banks bought large stocks of mortgage-backed securities at high-prices, and then the market for trading these securities evaporated |
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Problems of GATT |
1. didn't always succeed b/c of emergence of regional economic blocks (separate with unblocked countries) 2. Cumberstone process - mounted to serious division of economic prosperity worldwide
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Robing Hood Tax + Volcker Rule |
1. Robin Hood Tax: a small tax on financial transactions, raising revenues to fund other projects 2. Volcker Rule: separation of investment and commercial banking |
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Ways of Finding Terrorism |
1. Anti-Terrorist Legislation Laws - laws that criminalize terrorist activities 2. Surveillance - track terrorists - physically and virtually 3. Capture, Detention, Criminal Prosecution - apprehend, detain (either by state of 3rd party), torture and prosecute 4. Targeted Killings - physical elimination of terrorist by remote or direct means 5. Root Causes - activities designed to eliminate economic, cultural and political causes of terrorism |
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4 Common Elements of Terrorism |
1. All use violence 2. All use violence for political aim 3. Level of violence employed is lethal but symbolic 4. Violence confirms weakness |
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Critiques of Fighting Terrorism |
1. Anti-terrorist legislation: restrict civil liberties - due process, privacy 2. Surveillance - privacy breach 3. Capture, Detention, Criminal Prosecution: human rights violation, international law violatt |
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Bretton Woods |
1. Example of embedded economic policy 2. first example of monetary orders intended to monitor monetary relations among independent nations. 3. monetary policy (gold standard) - that maintained the exchange rate by tying currency to gold |
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Bond Markets |
financial markets where participants can issue new debt- debt instrument
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derivatives contract |
contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying identity - mortgage backed securities - relies its conditionalities for the contract on price signals |
