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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immune system
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collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects infection, disease, or biological invasion
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immunity
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state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
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innate defenses
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comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host form infection by other organism, in a non-specific manner
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adaptive defenses
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composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogenic challenges in a specific manner
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pathogens
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a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host
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antigen
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a molecule that sometimes stimulates an immune response (proteins or polysaccharides)
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antibody
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proteins that are found in blood used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects
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types of innate defenses
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-surface barriers
-internal defenses |
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examples of surface barriers
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-skin
-mucous membranes |
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examples of internal defenses
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-phagocytes
-fever -NK cells -antimicrobial proteins -inflammation |
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examples of adaptive defenses
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-humeral immunity
-cellular immunity |
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examples of humeral immunity
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B cells
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examples of cellular immunity
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T cells
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skin
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-physical
-sebum (sebaceous glands- all associated with hair): tg, wax: monoesters, FFA -keratinized squamous epithelial cells |
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what does the sebum in skin allow
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allow and make a surface barrier to protect us from foreign invaders
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what is the pH of skin
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pH 3-5 (acidic) prevents bacteria from growing in your skin
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mucosae
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-pH: stomach (1-2)
-mucous: gut + respiratory -hairs- nose -cilia -saliva |
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what does saliva contain and what its function
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lysozymes- kill the bacteria in the saliva or any pathogens
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types of cells for internal defense
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-phagocytes (cells that eat)
-natural killer cells |
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types of phagocytes
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-macrophages
-neutrophils |
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macrophage
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-kupffer cells and microgilia
-strongest phagocytes in our body -2 types: -fixed -free- roam around in organ like lung in alveoli spaces -can continue searching for more pathogens, etc, after digesting it |
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neutrophils
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-over 70% of white blood cells
-once its digested micro organism or pathogen it dies |
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whats the difference between macrophages and neutrophils
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once a neutrophil digests micro organism or pathogen it dies
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properties of chemical internal defenses
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-defensisns: neutrophils
-nitric oxide (NO): macrophages |
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defensisns: neutrophils
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pierce pathogen membrane, allowing water to get into the cell and causing it to lyse and die
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nitric oxide (NO): macrophages
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-kill pathogens
-sometimes macrophages can't digest the bacteria because it doesn't recognize the surface of the bacteria so it needs other mechanisms (antibodies or producing toxic materials like nitric oxide) |
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types of chemical internal defenses
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-antimicrobial
-fever |
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types of antimicrobial
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-interferon
-complement |
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interferon
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-protein produced by our immune cells
-not specific for particular pathogen -very important to defend our body from (virus) pathogens |
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why is an interferon called an interferon
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because interferes with virus existence in the intact cells
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complement
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-plasma protein produced by our own body
-have inactive circling around -once come to pathogen become active -harmful to pathogen harmless to our cells because have enzymes to inactivate them |
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about how many complements are there
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-20
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what are the 2 ways for complements to be activated
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-classical pathway
-alternative pathway |
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classical pathway
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-antigen-antibody complex has to be in our system
-complement is binding to antigen-antibody complex then activate complement 3 |
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alternative pathway
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-dont need antigen-antibody complex
-just cell membrane of pathogen and polysaccharides is enough |
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what is C3's job
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binds to target bacteria cell membrane and initiate the activation of the rest of complements
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membrane attack complexes (MAC)
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binding of C3 with the rest of the complex's
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what does the binding of C3 and MAC induce
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a hole allowing water to get in and lyse and kill it
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what can C3 subdivide to once its activated
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C3a, C3b, and C5a
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C3b
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(plays a role in osonization)
-enhances phagocytosis osonization needs to factors the antibody and the complement -allows to bind t macrophages (complement) -without complement and antibody will not do phagocytosis in some bacteria |
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C3a and C5 a
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-causes inflammation
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fever
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-pyrogens
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low grade fever
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100.4-102.2
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moderate fever
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102.2-104
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high grade fever
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104.0-106
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hyperpyrexia
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very very very rare, fever higher than 106
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3 things to differentiate from innate and adaptive defenses
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1. specific
2. systemic 3. memory |
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types of adaptive defenses
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-humeral (proteins produced by these adaptive defenses)
-cellular (cells that make up these adaptive defenses) |
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humeral adaptive defenses
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-mostly antibodies
-antigens- nonself -antigenic -self antigens |
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antigens- nonself
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-complete
-incomplete |
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complete antigens- nonself
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to be complete must have immunogenicity and reactivity, most are proteins
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immunogenicity
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this antigen will stimulate our immune cells to proliferate and make antibodies
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reactivity
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this antigen will react against the stimulated cells and antibodies that are produced
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incomplete antigens- nonself
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-peptides
-haptens |
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haptens
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-not immunigentic but reactive
-has to bind to our own proteins, our own cells -no immunogenicity unless binds to our body (thats why incomplete) |
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antigenic
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determinants
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self antigens
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MHC: major histocompatibility complex
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types of cellular adaptive defenses
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-lymphocytes
-antigen presenting cells |
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lymphocytes
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-B cells
-T cells -immunocompetence (recognize it without harming it) -self-tolerance (recognize it but do nothing to it) |
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antigen presenting cells
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(mixture of innate/adaptive cells)
-B cells -macrophages -dendritic cells |
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mechanisms of phagocytosis
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1. microbe adheres to phagocyte
2. phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle 3. phagoctyic vesicle is fused with lysosome 4. microbe is fused vesicle is killed and digested by liposomal enzymes within the phagolysosome, leaving a residual body 5. indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis |
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phagocyte mobilization
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-innate defenses --> internal defenses
-inflammatory chemicals diffusing form the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents |
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process of phagocyte mobilization
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1. neutrophils ever blood form bone marrow
2. margination 3. diapedesis 4. positive chemotaxis |
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neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
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-injured tissues and cells start producing factors called mucosytosis producing factors
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mucosytosis producing factors
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stimulates red bone marrow to produce more neutrophils to go to the site of injury
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margination
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-slows down within vessel
-CAM (cell adhesion molecules) part of the neutrophils that surface bind with CAM of neutrophils and CAM of endothelial cells -binding of two CAM's is called marination |
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diapedesis
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widening of the gap between endothelial cells and blood vessels allows neutrophil to escape and go to the site of injury
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positive chemotaxis
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so much chemicals produced by the injured tissue that attract the neutrophil to that area and start digesting/recognizing bacteria
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what are the 4 signs of inflammation
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-heat
-redness -pain -swelling |
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what induce pain in our body
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postiglandins
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where do we see macrophages
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don't see macrophages in blood vessels see them in the tissues, different than the monocytes in our blodo
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