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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A theory
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is an explanation about how and why somethign is as it is
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when we rely on physicians, clergy members, and elected officials for information, we are putting our faith in
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their knowledge in those positions of authority
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The estimatted probability that a population parameter will fall within a given confidence interval is
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confidence level
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exploratory research is
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ideal for examining unstudied phenomena
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if we are presenting a detailed picture of a population, in terms of gender, age, income, and residence, we have most likely conducted
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descriptive research
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in applied research, investigators are interested in
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research having practical and useful outcomes
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The difference between inductive and deductive approaches to social theory is that
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inductive reasoning moves from less general to more general statements and dedcutive reasoning moves from more general to less general stements
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when a researcher__________, she is engaged in explanatory research
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determine that one variable causes another or is related to another variable
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In their examination of blaming rape victims, Gray, Palileo, and Johnson generated a theory and then tested this theory by making observations. This is an example of
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deductive reasoning
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which of the following would be considered a variable?
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A. marital status
B. employment status C. educational level D. religion E. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
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Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions which must exist before we can say an independent variable causes a dependent variable?
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A. Non-spuriousness
B. Time order C. Empirical association D. Temporal Precedence E. ALL OF THE ABOVE MUST EXIST FORCAUSALITY |
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In some cases, research subjects have been deceived about the real purpose of the research they were participating in. One of the most outrageous instances of this was the infamous
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Tuskagee study
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"To do no harm" researchers must be careful not to cause pain to subjects. Critics of Milgrims' study argue that he violated this principle by
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failing to anticipate that subjects might suffer by participating in the study
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Probability sampling is appropriate when
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a researcher is testing a theory and wnats to develop results generalizable to a broad population
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Ethical questions do not arise in which of the following situations?
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A. choosing subjects
B. Recruiting participants C. publishing the results of research D. Conducting the actual research interview E. DilEMNAS OCCUR INALL OF THE ABOVE |
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Adler and Adler's study of after school activities was an example of inductive reasoning because
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they first made observations and then developed more general statements about their observations, resulting in development of theories
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The National Science Foundations ethical standards rest on the priniciple of
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respect, benficence, and justice
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Scholastic dishonesty is
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A. using anothers work as your own
B. cheating on assigment or exams C. engaging in unauthorized collaboration on academic work D. none of the above E. ALL OF THE ABOVE |
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What stimulated the impetus for social science disciplines to consider ethical issues?
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Nuremburg trials after WWII
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Jamal believes that the higher a students GPA in the freshmen year, the more likely he or she will be to graduate from college in four years? This is an example of?
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Hypothesis
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Some topics may be interesting and important to study, but access to the population may be very difficult. Which of the following presents the greatest obstacles?
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Individuals who are me,bers of asecret underground cult
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The larger the size of the samples taken form a population the more likely that
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the statistics will be an accurate estimate of the population parameter
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What influences the amount of research on particular topics?
A. the individual interest of researchers B. change in society C. funding sources D. current events E. all of the above |
E. all of the above
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If we were interested in understanding the relationship between level of education and lifetime earnings, what elements would you sample?
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Individuals
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Which of the following is anexample of a probability sample?
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Determinate
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A sample is
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a subset of a population
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You want to draw a sample of the employess at a large universitt ensuring that in your sample you have people represented from all personal categories: administrators, faculty, secreterial staff, cleaning staff, mail room staff, techinicians, students, etc. You want to use a probablility sample. Which type of probablility sample would be best for your purposes?
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Stratified Sample
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Sometimes a researcher is justified in using deception to conduct an investigation
T or F |
True
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Mohammed is interested in understanding the impact of listening to rap music on the development of creativity in youngsters, he would measure creativity in the independent variable
T or F |
False
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A confidence interval reveals how certain we are that a sample falls in a range around a population parameter
T or F |
False
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if we are interested in learning why individuals turn to lives of crime, we would be conducting explanatory research
T or F |
True
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When one is conducting a research study, it is a good idea to first consdier whether one wants results in which are generalizable. This issue is very critical in determining what approach is best to use in sampling
T or F |
True
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A cohort is a group of people who
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have an event or experience in common ( birth eyar, natural disaster, etc..)
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A solomon four group design differs from a classic experimental design in that the former
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adds an experimental and a control group which does not have a pretest
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If close ended questions are used, it is important that the responses are
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A.mutually exclusive
and B. exhaustive |
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in experimental designs, it is important that the control group and the experimental group
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are as similiar as possible
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What is the problem with the following survey response set?
How old are you? 25 or less 25 to 65 65 and older |
the response set is not mutually exclusive
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the purpose of a qualitative interviewing is to
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understand how individuals subjectively see the world and make sense of their lives
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ofthe folowing_____is an ordinal measure and _____________ is an internal measure
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very racist/ moderately racist, 45 degrees farenheit
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_______ is an example of a composite measure
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an index
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the key difference between a group interview and a focus group is
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the research's management of the discussion
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If we are interested in establishing that two variables are related in a casual way ( A casues B), three conditions must be satisfied. Among the following items, which is NOT a factor in determing causation??
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A and B must be the result of another varible, C
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If we are obtaning data form the same sample at two or more points of time, it is likely that it will be impossible to locate some of the smaplemmeebrs for follow up interviews. This is known as
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panel attrition
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Qualatative interviews can avry in terms of
A. number of times each repsondent is interviewed B. the llength of each interview C. the degree of structure with each interview D. the number of interviewees and interviewers participating in the session E. all of the above |
ALL OF THE ABOVE
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The three A's of conceptualization include
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Action, attribute, attitude
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If you were conducting research using a cross sectional design with retrospective questions about childhood and adolescent years to adults, you
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may find this problemtaic for the accuracy of relying on answers about what they felt or did years before ( internal validity)
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in matching asignment to experimental and control groups is done by
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reviewing individual chracteristics so that the groups are alike eachother as much as possible
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if a measure yields the same result consistently, we think of it as a _____measure
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Reliable
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In some instances, it is impossible to measure a condition before the experiment is conducted. In this situatuation, one can employ a research design known as
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post test only design
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If we are interested i nthe rlationship between race and attitudes toward the death penalty, it will be important to
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important to differentiate the effets of race from other variables which may affect attitudes toward the death penalty
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open ended questions allow for respondants to answer
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in heir own words
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__- are scenarios the researcher creates to obtain information in an interview or survey
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Vignettes
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which type of survey tends to have the highest response rate?
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face ot face inteview
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an informed consent document should include information about the purpose of the study, sponsorship, the risks and benefits of participation, statement of consent, and
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who has access to the rcords and for what purposes
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some studies have found that the answers to the same questions will vary depending on how the question is administered. This occurence is called
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interviewer effect
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In qualatative interviewing, it is important to
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be aware of your responses so you are confident that you are not shaping the repondents answers in any way
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A measure has____validity if it corresponds with future behavior which it is expected to be associated with.
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predictive
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A sample is
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a subset of a population
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when a researcher believes that two variables are related in a casual way, she will be interested in manipulating the _______ during an experiment
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independent variable
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a researcher who defines elite fmailies as those with annual income larger than $250,000 has __________ this concept
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operatinalized
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Conceptualization pushes researches to clearly set forth what they mean when they use specific terms to describe a phenomena
T or F |
True
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A cross sectional research design relies on obtaning information from a cross section of the population over several points in time
T or F |
False
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In a panel design, researchers assemble a panel of experts and aks them for opinions about topics of interest
T or F |
False
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teh group in an experimental design ehivh receives the treatment or exposure to the independent variable is called the control group
T or F |
False
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In the research conducted by Gray, Palileo, and Johnson , the researchers used a proabability smaple
T or F |
True
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If a researcher is going to ask potentially embarassing or sensitive questions, it is better to get them over with early in the survey
T or F |
Flase
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If an individual at the end of an interview expresses distress or requests help, it is appropriate for the researcher to identify resources which might be of assistance
T or F |
True
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Teh measure of central tendecncy called the mean is most apporpriate for
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interval ratioe measures
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social anthropological approaches to qualitative research aim to
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discover regular patterns in social interaction
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as a measure of dispersion, the ____________ tells us how far the individual scores are form the mean
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standard deviation
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Miles and Hubberman suggest that qualitative analysis flows concurently and interactively ( the process is fluid). These flows include
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data collection, data reduction, dtata display, conclusion drawing and verification
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