Exam Iii - Biology 114

Front 1

exocrine glands

Back 1

have ducts and secrete their products into these ducts

Front 2

endocrine glands

Back 2

secrete their products into the bloodstream, which delivers th em thoughout the body

Front 3

hypothalamus

Back 3

an endocrine organ and the highest hormone secretion control center, its hormones either promote or inhibits other hormones releases

Front 4

target cell (endocrine system)

Back 4

cells that have the unique receptors for one kind of hormone molecules to bind, the organ containing these target cells are called target organ

Front 5

peptide hormones

Back 5

most endocrine glands secrete peptide hormones. proteins, peptides, amino acids, they bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and cause the activation of a series of intracellular events (enzyme chain reaction). often called first messenger

Front 6

steroid hormones

Back 6

can directly enter cells because they are lipids. binds to receptor, usually in nucleus, binds with DNA and activates certain genes. increase gene transcription, promotes protein synthesis. slower response, but prolonged action (compared with peptide hormones)

Front 7

Pituitary gland

Back 7

divided into anterior and posterior lobs. controls hormone release form all the glands below (except pineal gland)

Front 8

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 8

regulates water balance by reabsorbing water into the bloodstream

Front 9

oxytocin

Back 9

causes uterine contractions during childbirth. allows milk to be released during breast-feeding

Front 10

thyroid gland

Back 10

produces thyroid hormone: regulates metabolism and calcitonin: helps lower blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium in the bones

Front 11

simple goiter

Back 11

thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet

Front 12

regulation of blood Ca2+ (+/- homeostasis)

Back 12

Front 13

adrenal glands

Back 13

composed of adrenal medulla: short-term stress response (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and adrenal cortex: long-term stress response

Front 14

insulin

Back 14

secreted by the B cells in the pancreas when blood glucose level is high (usually after eating). stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, especially liver cells, muscle cells and adipose tissues cells.

Front 15

glucagon

Back 15

secreted by the A cells in the pancreas when blood glucose is low and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. also promotes the use of fat and protein in preference to glucose as energy sources

Front 16

regulation of blood glucose
(homeostasis)

Back 16

Front 17

pineal gland

Back 17

secretes melatonin that regulates the sleep/wake cycle. may also regulate sexual development

Front 18

arteries

Back 18

lead blood away from the heart. from large to small: aorta, arteries, arterioles

Front 19

capillaries

Back 19

smallest blood vessels for material exchange walls have only one layer of endothelium, many gaps on the walls

Front 20

veins

Back 20

carry blood away form the capillaries and move it towards the heart. from large to small: veins, venules

Front 21

describe passage of blood through heart

Back 21

- the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava carry oxygen-poor blood from the body veins to the right atrium.

- the right atrium contracts (simultaneously with the left atrium), sending blood through an atrioventricular valve (the tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle)

- the right ventricle contracts, pumping blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. the pulmonary trunk, which carries oxygen-poor blood, divides into two pulmonary arteries, which go to the lungs.

- pulmonary capillaries within the lungs allow gas exchange. oxygen enters the blood; carbon dioxide waste is excreted from the blood

- four pulmonary veins, which carry oxygen-rich blood, enter the left atrium

- the left atrium pumps blood through an atrioventricular valve (the bicuspid valve) to the left ventricle

- the left ventricle contracts (at the same time as the right ventricle), sending blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta

- arteries and arterioles supply tissue capillaries. tissue capillaries drain into increasingly larger veins. Veins drain into the superior and inferior venae cavae, and the cycle starts again

Front 22

Sinus Atrial (SA) node

Back 22

principle cardiac pacemaker located under the right atrial wall, it initiates cardiac contraction

Front 23

AV node

Back 23

relays the electrical pulses, sends the pulses along the Purkinje fibers to cause the ventricular muscle to contract

Front 24

highest blood velocity is in the ________. lowest blood velocity is in the _________.

Back 24

aorta, capillaries

Front 25

Which are thicker, arteries or veins? Why

Back 25

arteries, because much higher pressure

Front 26

elements of blood

Back 26

red blood cells/erythrocytes (no nucleii) & white blood cells/leukocytes & platelets (45%), plasma (55%)

Front 27

What do red blood cells carry?

Back 27

can carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

Front 28

hemoglobin

Back 28

RBCs contain hemoglobin, a pigment with a high affinity for oxygen

Front 29

How do RBCs transport carbon dioxide?

Back 29

some dissolved in plasma, some carried in hemoglobin, and the rest transported as bicarbonate ion

Front 30

antigen

Back 30

a cell or other substance foreign to the individual that invokes an immune response

Front 31

lymphatic system functions

Back 31

(1) lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream (2) in the small intestines, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fats in the form of lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream (3) the lymphatic system is responsible for the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes (4) the lymphatic system helps defend the body against pathogens

Front 32

virus

Back 32

small, non-living cellular parasites, no metabolic mechanisms. acellular, do not have nucleus, organelles.

Front 33

primary lymphatic organs

Back 33

red bone marrow, thymus

Front 34

T cells

Back 34

pathogen fighting cells that mature in the thymus

Front 35

B cells

Back 35

pathogen fighting cells that mature in the bone marrow

Front 36

Secondary lymphatic organs

Back 36

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix

Front 37

lymph

Back 37

interstitial fluid: mostly water, but also contains solutes derived from plasma. contains cellular products

Front 38

spleen

Back 38

contains red and white pulp. blood entering the spleen must pass through the sinuses before exiting. here, macrophages that are like powerful vacuum cleaners engulf pathogens and debris, such as worn-out red blood cells

Front 39

lymph nodes

Back 39

occur along lymphatic vessels and filter lymph. b y engulfing pathogens and debris. lymphocytes are also present here, and fight infections and attack cancer cells.

Front 40

innate defenses

Back 40

two categories. physical barriers (skin, tears, saliva, mucous membranes, etc) and chemical barriers (secretions of the oil glands, chemicals in saliva, acidic pH of stomach and vagina, etc)

Front 41

prions

Back 41

infections protein particles. cause degenerative disease of the nervous system

Front 42

What is the pathway that food follows?

Back 42

mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus

Front 43

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

Back 43

In the mouth via amylase

Front 44

where does the digestion of proteins start?

Back 44

stomach, where gastric juice, which contains the enzyme pepsin, breaks down proteins and gastric acid (HCI) and mucus

Front 45

where does fat digestion start?

Back 45

in the intestines via bile that is secreted by the gallbladder