Exam 3- Psych 202

Front 1

CHAPTER 16:

What are the criteria that are often used to consider something a psychological disorder?

Back 1

Psychologists consider behavior disordered when it is
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. Harmful thoughts, feelings, actions

deviant- varies with Context, Time & Culture

Front 2

What information goes on each of the five axes?

Back 2

Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes present?
(-eating, sleep, anxiety, dementia)
Axis 2: Is a Personality Disorder, or Retardation present?
Axis 3: General Medical Condition Present? (-diabetes, hypertension)
Axis 4: Psychosocial or Environmental Problems present?
Axis 5: Whats the Global Assessment of funtioning?
#91-100: Superior Functioning
51-60: Moderate Symptoms
1-10: Danger to self/others

Front 3

What is ADHD? What are its three key symptoms? How is it usually treated?

Back 3

-Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
-psych disorder marked by marked by the appearance by age 7, of

3 Key Symptoms:
extreme inattention, hyperactivity, & impulsivity

Front 4

What is the medical model? What is the biopsychosocial perspective?

Back 4

-The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses that can be diagnosed on their symptoms and cured thru therapy.
-Biopsychosocial assumes behavior arises from genetics. Inner psychological dynamics & social cultural circumstances.

Front 5

What is the DSM-IV? What does it contain?

Back 5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

-Describes 400 disorders.
-Technique: they answer objective questions, posed at 5 different levels:

Front 6

How can labeling be problematic?

Be familiar with the Rosenhan et al (1973) study.

Back 6

Diagnostic labels can stigmatize a person by biasing other's interpretations and perceptions of past & present behaviors, and by affecting the ways people react to the labled person

Front 7

Anxiety disorders:

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Back 7

-An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous arousal.

Front 8

What is panic disorder?
What is agoraphobia?
Why does it often develop with panic disorder?

Back 8

-Panic- An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread. Experience terror, choking, chest pain.
Agoraphobia-Fear of being in crowds, public, social phobia.
Because if someone can't escape the situation, panic symptoms develop.

Front 9

What are phobias?
What is a social phobia?

Back 9

-an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear, and avoidance of a specific object, or situation.
social phobia- an intense fear of being scrutinized by others. May avoid speaking up, eating out. Shyness taken to the extreme.

Front 10

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Back 10

(OCD)- an anxiety disorder characterized by an unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or actions (complusions)

Front 11

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Back 11

-an anxiety disorder with haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks of more, after a traumatic experience.

Front 12

How can classical conditioning and observational learning explain the development of phobias?

Back 12

Learning persepctive views disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, & observational learning of others fear
-Biological perspective- the role that fears of animals, objects, or situations played in natural selection, the genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity, & abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.

Front 13

What evidence is there that anxiety disorders might be somewhat biologically rooted?

Back 13

-measured by an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control, and habitual behaviors.
Brain scans revealed elevated eletrcial actvity,
Anterior Cingulate Cortex -brain region that checks for errors, is hyperactive.

Front 14

Dissociative disorders
What are dissociative disorders? What is dissociative identity disorder?
Why do some critics argue that dissociative identity disorder does not really exist?

Back 14

Are conditions in which concious awareness seems to become seperated from previous memories, thoughts, & feelings.

Most famous, is Identity disorder, aka multiple personality disorder
View this disorder as a manifestation of feelings of anxiety, or a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by reductions in feelings of anxiety. May reflect role-playing by people

Front 15

(MOOD DISORDERS):

What is major depressive disorder? Dsythymic disorder?

Back 15

-Depressive Disorder: a person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition
Dsythymic: a down in the dumps mood that fills most of the day, for 2 years. Have chronic low energy, low self-esteem

Front 16

What is mania?

What is bipolar disorder?

Back 16

-Mania: A mood disorder marked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Bipolar: person alternates between lethargy of depression, & the overexcited state of mania. (manic-depressive disorder)

Front 17

Having low levels of what neurotransmitters might contribute to depression?

Depressed people tend to have less activity in what lobe of the brain?
What other biological explanations have been offered for depression?

Back 17

- Low neurotransmitters:
Norepinephrine, Serotonin,

Lower levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
-Left Frontal Lobe is inactive during depression, and possibly 7% smaller than normal lobes
Hippocampus, vulnerable to damage

Front 18

How do depressed people tend to explain bad events?
How would a depressed and nondepressed person differ in how they explain a failure on the following dimensions: internal/external, global/specific, stable/unstable? (See Fig 16.8)

Back 18

-depressed people explain events in stable terms (last forever) global (affects everything I do) & internal (it's all my fault)
Normal think of things as temporary, and think things happen for a reason, but will get thru it.

Front 19

What is the cycle of depression?


Figure 16.9

Back 19

1. Negative thoughts & feelings
2. interpreted thru a pessimistic
style creating
3. hopless, depressed state which
4. hampers the way the person
thinks or acts, fueling more neg.
stressful events

Front 20

(Schizophrenia):

What is schizophrenia?
Be familiar with the symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, flat affect, and catatonia.

Back 20

-A group of severe disorders with disorganized, and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions or action.
(Delusions= false beleifs)
(hallucinations= sensory experiences without sens. stimul.)
(flat effect= zombielike state of apathy)

Front 21

In Table 16.3, be familiar with paranoid and catatonic schizophrenia.

Back 21

-Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution
-Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive mov't), extreme negativism, and parrot like repeating of other's movt's or actions

Front 22

Difference between positive symptoms and negative symptoms?

Back 22

-Negative Symptoms of Withrawl
More seen in Men, who develop it quicker than women.
Positive Symptoms- Outlook is better. Have a better chance of responding to drug therapy

Front 23

How is chronic/process schizophrenia different from acute/reactive schizophrenia?

Which has a better prognosis?

Back 23

-Chronic/ Process: is slow developing process. Have negative symptoms, & recovery is doubtful

-Acute/ Reactive: When a previously well adjusted person develops schizo, in reaction to high stress. Recovery more likely

Front 24

Having high levels of what neurotransmitter might contribute to schizophrenia?
What parts of the brain tend to be larger than normal in schizophrenics?
Smaller than normal?
What is the genetic link in schizophrenia?

Back 24

-Neurotransmitter: High levels of Dopamine contributes to Schizophrenia. 6x more receptors in brain (Dopamine block drugs little effect on Negative symptoms)
- Low activity in the frontal lobes
- fluid filled areas & shrinkage of cerebral tissue.
-Cortex & thalamus smaller than normal
-Increased chance if family member has it. influenced by multiple genes, can be shared in twins

Front 25

(Personality disorders):

What are personality disorders? What is the narcissistic personality disorder?

Borderline personality disorder?

Antisocial personality disorder?

Back 25

-disorders characterized by inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

- Narcissistic- exaggerate their own importance, aided by success fantasies.
- Borderline- unstable identity/relationships with unstable & impulsive emotions.
- Antisocial- (psychopath) male who lacks consciousness before age 15. Steals, fights, aggressive

Front 26

CHAPTER 17- THERAPY

What is psychotherapy?
How do a clinical psychologist, a counseling psychologist, and a psychiatrist differ (page 13 and 709)?
What does it mean to say that therapists use an eclectic approach?
- depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Back 26

-an emotional charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.
*Clinical psych- PhD. Research
*Counseling- specialize in problems arising from family relations
*Psychiatrists- doctor who treat disorders

Front 27

What is the goal of Freud’s psychoanalysis? What is free association?
- saying aloud anything that comes
to mind
What is resistance?
- defensive blocking from consciousness of anxiety material
What is interpretation?
-noting supposed dream meanings, resistance, & other behaviors/ events for insight

Back 27

-1st psychotherapy. Tries to help people gain insight into their unconscious origins of their disorders, work thru feelings, & take responsibility for their own growth.
What is transference?
-transferring to the therapist the strong feelings harbored against a family member/ other person
How long does traditional psychoanalysis take? -several years w/ several sessions per week
What is short term psychodynamic therapy? 12-16 sessions

Front 28

What are the goals of humanistic therapy?
What is Rogers client-centered approach?
How is this a nondirective therapy? What three qualities should therapist exhibit?
-genuineness, acceptance,empathy
What is active listening?
-echoing, restating, & seeking clarification of what the person expresses & acknowledging the feelings.

Back 28

-Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness & self-acceptance.
* Client-centered: Focuses on the persons' conscious self-perceptions rather than the therapists own interpretations
*Nondirective: The therapist listens without judging, & refrains from directing the client towards insights

Front 29

What is the goal of behavior therapies?
What is counterconditioning?
- uses classical conditioning to pair new responses w/ old stimuli that have triggered maladaptive behavior.
What is exposure therapy?
*Be familiar with the Peter example. Tries to associate pleasurable eating w/ his fear of rabbits
Whats systematic desensitization?
-type of counterconditioning that promotes a relaxed state w/ increasing stimuli. Treats phobia
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
-anxiety treat that expose people to their greatest fears.

Back 29

-Therapists assume the problem behaviors are the problem, & they attempt to change them thru new learn

For which disorders, is systematic desensitization particularly effective? on phobias
What is flooding?
-patient receives intense exposure to a fear-producing situation
What is aversive conditioning?
-pairs an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior
How is operant conditioning used to change behaviors in people with psychological disorders?
-mental retard kids learned to care for themselves. Autism to interact & schizo to behave more rationally.
What is a token economy?
-people earn a token for exhibiting desired behavior * can exchange them for treats

Front 30

What is the goal of cognitive therapies?
How is cognitive therapy used to treat depression?
What is stress inoculation training?
-people w/ depression learn to dispute their negative thoughts & restructure their thinking in stress
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?
-combines congnitive therapy (change thinking) with behavior therapy (change behavior)

Back 30

-teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, and acting. Thinking intervene between events.
- treats depression by training them to think as nondepressed people do. Taking good credit & not blame

Front 31

What is group therapy?
-6-10 people, in group setting. Saves time
What is family therapy?
-treats family as a system. Guide Positive relationships.
heal relationships, communicate
How effective is therapy according to clients and clinicians?
very effective. 3 reasons: 1)enter therapy in crisis 2) believe the time.expense justified 3) find something positive to say

Back 31

-Why do these assessments have to be interpreted carefully?
because clients enter when they're unhappy, leave when less happy. Stay in touch only if satisfied
What is the placebo effect (p. 39) and regression to the mean and how do they contribute to thinking therapy was effective?
placebo- the belief the treatment will work
regression- unusual scores to fall back towards the mean
Both contribute to misconceptions.

Front 32

What are randomized clinical trials?
- Outcome studies. People on waiting list receive therapy or not
What is meta-analysis?
-procedure for statistically combining the results of diff research studies

Back 32

-What did Smith and others find in their examination of the outcome research on psychological therapies?
-average client ends up better off than 80% of untreated patients on waiting lists. psychotherapy benefits all ages

Front 33

Which psychotherapies are most effective- or does it depend on the disorder?
Does the training level of the therapist seem to influence its effectiveness?
Are some disorders easier to treat than others?

Back 33

-no type of therapy is more effective overall.
- There is no connection between effectiveness & a therapists training or experience.
- Cognitive, Interpersonal, & behavioral therapies treat depression
-Cognitive, exposure, & stress-inoculation for anxiety
-Cognitive behavior therapy- Bulemia
-Behavior modification- Bed Wetting
-Behavior Conditioning- phobias, compulsions, & sex disroders
-More specific the problem, easier to treat

Front 34

What is EMDR?
What is light exposure therapy and what disorder is it used to treat?
-exposure to daily timed doses of light, treats Seasonal Affective Depression
Does research suggest that these alternative therapies are effective?
yes, light therapy works

Back 34

-therapists attempts to unlock & reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories by waving finger in eyes

Front 35

What are the three commonalities that most psychotherapies share?

Back 35

-New hope for demoralized people
-Fresh Perspective
- Empathetic, trusting, caring relationship

Front 36

What are biomedical therapies?
How did psychoactive drugs lead to deinstitutionalization?

Back 36

-physical changing the brain's functioning by altering the chemistry with drugs

Front 37

What are antipsychotic drugs used to treat?
-Schizophrenia. Halluc & Delusions
What neurotransmitter levels do they affect?
-block dopamine receptors
What are some of the downsides of thorazine? can have toxic effect on WBC's
What is tardive dyskinesia?
-involuntary movts of facial muscles, tongue, arms, and legs

Back 37

How are the first generation and the new generation antipsychotic drugs different?
-First generation can produce tardive dyskinesia. Target D2
The Second can affect metabolism, increase obesity/diabetes. target D1

Front 38

What are some antianxiety drugs? Are there any downsides to these drugs?

Back 38

-depress central nervous system activity. They can be psychologically & physically addictive.
- Xanax or Activan

Front 39

What are SSRIs and how do they work?
How long do people need to take antidepressants before they take full effect?

Back 39

-Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitors
-Slow the synaptic removal upstake of Serotonin from synapses.
4 weeks to become effective

Front 40

What is lithium and what is it used to treat?

Back 40

- Mood Stabilizer
-Used to treat biploar disorder
- Don't know how it works

Front 41

What is ECT?
What is it used to treat?
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?

Back 41

-Electroconvulsive Therapy
- a brief electrical current is sent thru the brain of an anethtetized pateint.
- Treats severely depressed
-Repetitive transcrania magnetic stimulation (repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain)

Front 42

What are preventive mental health programs?

Back 42

-Advocates argue that many psychological disorders could be prevented. Aims to change destroying environments to nurturing ones to foster growth & self-confidence.

Front 43

CHAPTER 18- SOCIAL PSYCH

What is social psychology?

Back 43

-The sientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Front 44

What is attribution?
-How we explain someone's behavior. Credit either the situation or disposition
What is a dispositional attribution?
-assuming they behave as they do because of their personal traits.

Back 44

-A situational attribution?
-stressing the influence of external events, to explain our own behavior
What is the fundamental attribution error?
overstimulating the influence of personal factors & underestimating the effect of content

Front 45

What is an attitude?
- feelings, based on beliefs, that forces us to respond a certain way
When are attitudes more likely to affect actions?
when social influences are minimal, the attitude is specific to the behavior, & were very aware of the attitude

Back 45

-How can behaviors change attitudes?
-attitudes follow behavior
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
-tendency for people who first agreed to a small request to comply later w/ a larger request
What happened in Zimbardo’s prison study?
what we do, we become Can't rolepl
What is cognitive dissonance?
-We act to reduce discomfort, when 2 of our thoughts are inconsistent.
According to cognitive dissonance, what can happen when a behavior is inconsistent with an attitude
- Attitudes adapt to behavior, rather than drive it.

Front 46

What is the chameleon effect?
-unconciously mimics others behaviors, voice, what they're feeling
Happier around happy people
What is conformity?
-adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Be familiar with the Asch line length study.
-simple test, which line is equal to the standard line. discomfort when not agree with the group

Back 46

-What is informational social influence?
-influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Normative social influence?
-influence from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
What factors strengthen the level of conformity?
feel incompetent, insecure, admire group's status, being observed, no prior committment, 3 or more members.

Front 47

What is obedience?

Be familiar with the Milgram study.
- strong influences can make people conform
How many people went all the way to the end of the shock panel?
40 men. 93% complied
What factors reduce the amount of obedience?
ordinary people influenced by an evil situation. If we learn from experiments they can shape our behavior,

Back 47

-

Front 48

What is social facilitation?
increase performance on easy or well-learned tasks, but decreases it on difficult or newly learned ones.
According to social facilitation theory, on what types of tasks will you do better when others are watching?
-pool playing, driving,
What is social loafing?
-people in a group tp exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal

Back 48

What is deindividuation?
- the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal & amonymity

Front 49

What is group polarization?
-enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations thru discussions within the group
What is groupthink?
-mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
When can minorities have influence in a group?

Back 49

When can minorities have influence in a group?
-Minorities that successfully swqy group opinions usually express their view consistently

Front 50

What is prejudice?
-an unjustifiable attitude toward a group & its members/ (stereotype beliefs & negative feelings)
Stereotypes?
- a generalized belief about a group of people

Back 50

Discrimination?
-unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its member

Studies suggest explicit prejudice has gone down. What are examples of implicit prejudice (p. 744)?
implicit (often unconscious)
Negative Associations with Race
Patronization (behave offensively)
Race-influenced Perceptions
Seeing black (criminals, more black
Reflexive Body Responses- to black

Front 51

What is an ingroup?
- "US" people whom one shares a common identity
An outgroup?
-"Them" those thought of as different, or apart from one's group
The ingroup bias?
- The tendency to favor one's own group

Back 51

-What is scapegoat theory?
-theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger, by providing someone to blame.

What is the just world phenomenon?
- the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve, and deserve what they get

Front 52

What is aggression?
- any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

What are some biological influences on aggression?
- genes influence (influ temperment)
-hormones (testosterone), alcohol (releases inhibitions)
What are some aversive events that can increase the likelihood of aggression?
-Aversive events (environ/social
rejection)
-Reinforcement of aggressive behavior (bullying)

Back 52

-What is the frustration-aggression principle?
that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which generates agression
What are the effects of aggressive models (learn behaviors, desensitized to them, learn social scripts)?
People can learn aggression & become desensitized (watching violence w/ family, media, & provide social scripts- ways to act in a sit.
Can create hostility, lead to increase arguments, fighting, fail grades

Front 53

What is a social trap?
2 or more individuals engage in mutually destructive behaviors by rationally pursuing their own interests w/out regard for others well

What are mirror image perceptions?
-people in conflict tend to perceive the worst in each other, producing mirror images of identical demons.

Back 53

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Front 54

What three things contribute to attraction?
-proximity (geographical nearness) -physical attractiveness
-Similarity (of attitudes & interests)

What is the mere exposure effect?
-phenomenon that repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases liking of them

Back 54

What is seen as physically attractive across many cultures (p. 761)?

peirced their noses, lengthened their necks, bound feet, big or tiny.
In U.S. ultra-thin is ideal, botox, teeth whitening, cosmetic surgery
-But prefer average faces
In the eye of beholder in cultures

Front 55

What is the difference between passionate love and companionate love?
Explain how passionate love might simply be mislabeled arousal according to the two-factor theory of emotion.
-emotions have 2 ingredients: physical arousal + cognitive appraisal & that arousal from any source can enhance an emotion

What is equity and self-disclosure and how do they contribute to companionate love?

Back 55

-Passionate love- 1st. associating arousal with a desirable person, aroused state of intense positive absorption. matures into deep affectionate attachment known as
-Companionate love- 2nd. Deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined. Include:
Equity- people receive what they give in a relationship
Self-disclosure- revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
*Bring intimacy & equality=enduring

Front 56

What is altruism?
-unselfish regard for the welfare of
others
What is the bystander effect?
-tendency for any given bystander
to be less likely to give aid, if
others are present
Be familiar with the epileptic seizure study (Figure 18.16).
(when people were alone they helped the calls for the seizure. But when thought 4 others were present, only 1/3 responded)

Back 56

What are the steps that people go through in deciding to help (Figure 18.15)?
First notice the incident, interpret it as an emergency, assume responsibility for helping then helps

What is social exchange theory?
-our social behavior is an exchange
process, the aim is to maximize
benefits & minimize costs

Front 57

What is the reciprocity norm?
- expectation that people will help,
not hurt, those who have helped
them
What is the social responsibility norm?
- an expectation that people will
help those dependent upon them

Back 57

What are superordinate goals?
- shared goals that override
differences among people &
require their cooperation

What type of contact is necessary to reduce conflict?
-friendly contact between prejudice people. When circumstances favor cooperation to achieve goals. Understanding thru communication & reciprocated conciliatory gestures
What is GRIT?
-Graduate & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction. A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.