Exam 3- Development Through The Lifespan

Front 1

Allostasis versus Homeostasis

Back 1

Homeostasis is the adjustment of all the body's systems to keep the functions in equilibrium (body temperature). Immediate.

Allostasis is long-term, achieving equilibrium through behavioral or physiological change.

Front 2

Allostatic Load

Back 2

Wear and tear on the body that results from too much stress or inefficient management of stress.

Front 3

BMI

Back 3

Body Mass Index- Ratio of a person's weight in kg divided by their height in meters squared.

Front 4

STI

Back 4

Sexually Transmitted Infection- Present in epidemic proportions, half of all new cases occur younger than age 26. Monogamy is the best prevention tactic.

Front 5

Diathesis-Stress Model

Back 5

Mental disorders are produced by interaction of genetics (diathesis) and a stressful environment/life events.

Front 6

Psychopathology

Back 6

Demands of emerging adulthood may cause psychopathology. Serious mental illness is almost double for adults over 25. First diagnosis of disorder is usually in emerging adulthood.

Front 7

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 7

most common depression disorder, loss of interest or pleasure for more than 2 weeks.

Front 8

Anxiety Disorders

Back 8

OCD and PTSD are evident in 1/4 of all US residents below age 25. More common in occurrence than depression.

Front 9

Schizophrenia

Back 9

Symptoms begin in adolescence, occurring in 1% of all adults. Bizarre thoughts, delusions, hallucinations and emotions. Risk factors: Malnutrition while brain is developing, social pressure, genetics.

Front 10

Post-formal thought

Back 10

More practical and flexible thought (in comparison to formal operational thought). "Problem finding". More open with ideas and less concerned with absolute right and wrong. Decisions based on circumstance and context. Better planning. Formal Operation decisions are based on experience and logic.

Front 11

Subjective v Objective thought

Back 11

Subjective: Thinking based on personal qualities (culture, goals, experiences).
Objective: Thinking that is not based on thinker's personal qualities, but instead based on valid fact.

Front 12

Dialectical antithesis/synthesis

Back 12

Most advanced cognitive process of postformal thought. Developed by Hegel, every idea or truth bears the opposite idea or truth.
Antithesis: Statement of belief that opposes the thesis.
Synthesis: New idea that integrates the antithesis and the thesis thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth.

Front 13

Stereotype Threat

Back 13

The possibility that one's appearance or behavior will conform to another's prejudices. "Americans are bad at math, since I'm American I will be bad at math". Anxiety from being perceived as stereotype confirming.

Front 14

Dilemmas for emerging adults

Back 14

Gender disparity, Morality of Care/Justice. Differences of morality in other generations.

Front 15

Morality of Care

Back 15

Females are reluctant to define right and wrong as absolute. Gray area due to higher socialization.

Front 16

Morality of Justice

Back 16

Males emphasize justice over compassion. Right and wrong are black and white. Absolute.

Front 17

Religion and emerging adulthood

Back 17

Adult experiences and responsibilities affect moral reasoning and religious beliefs. Maturation of values first appear in emerging adulthood. Development of pro-social values. Attending religious services becomes less frequent, religious convictions increase.

Front 18

Positive effects of college

Back 18

College improves verbal and quantitative abilities, knowledge of specific subject areas, skills in various professions, reasoning, and reflection. Better health (smoke less, eat better, exercise more).

Front 19

Massification

Back 19

College isn't available to *just* the elite of society anymore. College is now available at a broader range than before.

Front 20

Social Clock

Back 20

Societal expectations for the time at which people are expected to marry, have children, and accomplish other life tasks.

Front 21

Indentity v. Role confusion

Back 21

Knowing who you are and what you expect out of your life. Fidelity/repudiation. Uncertain about values, lifestyle, and friendships.

Front 22

Vocational identity

Back 22

Temporary jobs, going to college as a moratorium to prepare for a job. Development of work ethic.

Front 23

Intimacy v isolation

Back 23

Erikson's 5th psychosocial stage. Humans are social creatures. Intimacy progresses from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment. If not achieved, anxious about close relationships, jealous, lonely.

Front 24

At what stage of life do we tend to make the most friends?

Back 24

Emerging adulthood

Front 25

Cohabitation

Back 25

Acceptability varies by culture. Involves living with an unrelated person (usually a romantic partner, to whom one is not married).

Front 26

Homogamy

Back 26

Marriage between people who seem to be similar through SES, goals, religion, local origin, attitudes

Front 27

Heteogamy

Back 27

Marriage between people who are dissimilar.

Front 28

Linked lives

Back 28

Where the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other family members.

Front 29

What is the first visible sign of aging?

Back 29

Skin becomes dryer, less elastic, rougher, more irregular in color.

Front 30

Senescence

Back 30

Gradual physical decline past age 25 at which the body begins to become less strong and efficient. "Past peak".

Front 31

Presbycusis

Back 31

Loss of hearing associated with hearing after age 60. May occur earlier due to hearing damage. May regain through use of hearing-aids.

Front 32

Vision Loss

Back 32

Loss of peripheral and color vision becomes less vivid. Most older adults are both farsighted and nearsighted. Hearing aids.

Front 33

Gains and losses

Back 33

Compensating for a loss through something that allows you to gain that ability (laser eye surgery, hearing aids)

Front 34

Causes of Infertility in men

Back 34

advanced age, fever, radiation, prescription drugs, stress, environmental toxins, drug abuse, alcoholism, cigarette smoking: can reduce sperm count, shape, and mobility.

Front 35

Causes of Infertility in women

Back 35

Anything that can impair physical function (advanced age, disease, smoking, obesity, extreme diets). Pelvic inflammatory disease can block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum.

Front 36

Menopause

Back 36

Factors of menopause: Time, middle age, when a woman's menstrual cycle ceases and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. One year after a woman's last menstrual period. Affected by genes. Psychological consequences vary more than physical ones.

Front 37

Andropause

Back 37

Male menopause. Drop in testosterone levels in older men, reduced sex drive, increased erectile dysfunction and muscle mass.

Front 38

Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy

Back 38

May cause cancer and heart disease

Front 39

Single largest preventable cause of death and chronic disease

Back 39

Obesity

Front 40

Mortality v Morbidity

Back 40

Mortality- Death
Morbidity-disease in a given population. Mortality decreases, morbidity increases.

Front 41

Vitality

Back 41

How healthy and energetic an individual feels

Front 42

How health habits affect senescence

Back 42

Bad health habits increase speed of senescence, good health habits slow it down.

Front 43

How is income related to health?

Back 43

Those with higher income can afford decent healthcare, to take care of themselves, and afford healthier habis. Likely received education to know healthy habits

Front 44

Sternberg's Three Types of Intelligence

Back 44

Analytic Intelligence- high value in high school and college, expectation to remember and analyze ideas.

Creative intelligence- allows people to find a match to their skills, values, or desires.

Practical intelligence- useful as people age and need to manage their daily lives.

Front 45

Explanations for the Flynn Affect

Back 45

Higher IQs over time due to changes in environment (more education, improved nutrition, smaller family sizes, fewer infections).

Front 46

Cross-sectional research finding for IQ

Back 46

Peaks at about 18, remained constant until mid-20s, then declined.

Front 47

Longitudinal research findings for IQ

Back 47

Many intellectual gains through adulthood

Front 48

Fluid v Crystallized Intelligence

Back 48

Cattell Clusters of Intelligence-
Fluid: Types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Working memory, abstract thought, speed of thinking.
Crystallized: Intellectual ability that reflects accumulated learning. (Vocabulary and general information)

Front 49

Common stressors in adulthood

Back 49

Money, work, economy, relationships, family responsibility, health, safety

Front 50

Selective optimization with compensation (Baltes)

Back 50

Maintaining life balance by compensating for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities that they can already do well in.

Front 51

Expert Cognition

Back 51

Intuitive: Experts rely on past experiences and on immediate contexts. Novices follow procedures and rules.
Automatic: Thinking occurs without deliberate, conscious thought. Experts process most tasks automatically, saving conscious thought for more unfamiliar changes.
Strategic: Experts have more and better strategies, especially when problems are unexpected.

Flexible: Experts are creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things do not go according to plan.

Front 52

Midlife Crisis

Back 52

Period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, sudden transformation (does not actually occur)

Front 53

Big Five Personality Traits

Back 53

OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness (self-discipline, organized)
Extroversion
Agreeableness (generous, helpful)
Neuroticism (anxious, moody, critical)

Front 54

Ecological Niche

Back 54

Choosing a particular social context based on individual personality needs and interests. Adults select vocations, mates, and neighborhoods and settle into chosen routines and surroundings. Ages 30-50. Stability.

Front 55

Social Convoy

Back 55

Collectively, family members, friends, acquaintances, strangers who move through life with an individual.

Front 56

Consequential strangers

Back 56

People who are not close to you but have an impact. (Barista who you get your coffee from every morning).

Front 57

Family relationships during adulthood (Sibling, Parent)

Back 57

Sibling: Adult siblings often become mutually supportive and help one another cope. Sibling bonds are more likely to develop in adulthood among children who grew up in large families with major stressors.
Parent: Parents and children typically increase in closeness, forgiveness, and pride.

Front 58

Four Negative Patterns that can Predict Divorce (Gottman)

Back 58

Criticism
Contempt
Defensiveness

Stonewalling

Front 59

LAT (Living Apart Together)

Back 59

Exactly what it sounds like. Having a steady romantic partnership, but living apart from one another.

Front 60

Kinkeeper

Back 60

Member of the family who keeps the family together. Organizes family gatherings, keeps everyone in contact with one another.

Front 61

Fictive kin

Back 61

People who aren't your blood relatives, but are like family.

Front 62

Sandwich generation

Back 62

Generation of adults who care for their elderly parents and their young children.

Front 63

Intrinsic/Extrinsic rewards of work

Back 63

Intrinsic: Intangible gratification as a result of doing a job (pride, satisfaction, self-esteem).
Extrinsic: External gratification, tangible benefits in the form of compensation for doing a job (salary, health insurance, pension).

Front 64

Generativity v Stagnation

Back 64

Adults seek to be productive in a care-giving way. Adults need to satisfy their need to be generative in many ways, including creativity, caregiving, and employment. If not achieved, fear of failure.

Front 65

Problems caused by ageism

Back 65

Can erode feelings of competence, destroys self-respect in the elderly. Rampant in US culture.

Front 66

Ageism

Back 66

Prejudice in which people are judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.

Front 67

Sleep pattern changes in the elderly

Back 67

Day/night circadian rhythm diminishes with age. Wake before dawn and are usually sleepy during the day.

Front 68

Elderspeak

Back 68

Condescending way of speaking to elderly that resembles baby talk, short, simple sentences, repetition, slow speech, higher pitch. This is demeaning and causes most elderly to become irritated.

Front 69

Demographic shift

Back 69

There are now more elderly living than in previous years, so the presence of each age demographic no longer represents a pyramid.

Front 70

Young-Old/Old-Old/Oldest-Old

Back 70

Young-Old: Healthy, vigorous, financially secure adults 60-75. Integrated into lives of families and communities.

Old-Old- 75-85 Suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits.

Oldest-Old- Elderly adults (85+) who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring certain supportive services such as assisted care and hospital stays.

Front 71

What three things does selective optimization with compensation involve?

Back 71

Personal choice
Societal Practice
Technological Options

Front 72

What factors impact a person's ability to drive safely?

Back 72

Declining vision, slowed reaction time, declining hearing

Front 73

Common visual impairments

Back 73

Cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, farsightedness, nearsightedness.

Front 74

Changes in the brain as we age

Back 74

Brain slows down, connections diminish and slow down. Brain shrinkage and cell loss. Neocortex, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tend to atrophy first.

Front 75

Primary v Secondary aging

Back 75

Primary aging: Universal and irreversible physical changes that occur as everyone grows older.
Secondary aging: Preventable causes of aging due to smoking, diet, exercise.

Front 76

Why do some drugs impact the elderly differently than younger adults?

Back 76

Slower metabolisms

Front 77

Acute v Chronic illness

Back 77

Acute: Sudden symptoms that change or worsen rapidly (heart attack).
Chronic: Develops and worsens over an extended period of time (Osteoperosis, arthritis).

Front 78

Compression of morbidity

Back 78

Shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm before death by postponing illnesses (due to lifestyle, medication, or technical aids)

Front 79

Osteoporosis

Back 79

Decrease in bone density (usually in women) that causes bones to become brittle and break easily.

Front 80

Leading cause of death in the US

Back 80

Heart disease

Front 81

Theories of aging

Back 81

Wear and Tear: Process by which the human body wears out due to the passage of time and exposure to stressors.

Genetic Adaptation: Our genes determine how long we will live.
Cellular Aging: Cumulative effect of stress and toxins, damaging the cell and eventually causing death of cell

Front 82

Genetic Clock

Back 82

Mechanism in DNA of cells that regulates the aging process by triggering hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair.

Front 83

Hayflick limit

Back 83

number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells

Front 84

Telomeres

Back 84

The "end-caps" of the chromosomes in the cells. Shortens with every cell division. Stress shortens telomeres.

Front 85

Stress and the immune system

Back 85

B cells- Bone marrow cells that create antibodies for isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses.
T-cells- Immune cells made in the thymus gland that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
NK cells- Natural Killer cells
Stress inhibits immune response.

Front 86

How does attitude impact the lifespan?

Back 86

Positive attitudes positively affect longetivity. Negative attitudes decrease longetivity.

Front 87

Marcia's Indentity Crises

Back 87

Identity Foreclosure: Doing what your parents did without question.

Identity Diffusion: Apathetic. No exploration or achievement.
Identity Moratorium: "Putting off, active exploration of options" College students who change majors often.
Identity Achievement: Successfully explored and committed to aspects of their identity.