Exam 284-Glossary 01

Front 1

the constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm.

Back 1

anabolism

Front 2

a degenerative brain disorder; the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.

Back 2

Alzheimer's disease

Front 3

a neural defect that results from the failure of one or more of the fetal vertebrae to close properly during the first month of pregnancy.

Back 3

spina bifida (SB)

Front 4

a particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of renal tubular cells.

Back 4

acute tubular necrosis

Front 5

a weakening or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel.

Back 5

aneurysm

Front 6

accumulation of excess fluid inside the pericardium.

Back 6

cardiac tamponade

Front 7

an excess of red blood cells. In a newborn, the condition may reflect hypovolemia or prolonged intrauterine hypoxia.

Back 7

polycythemia

Front 8

another term for unipolar leads, reflecting the fact that the ground lead is disconnected, which increases the amplitude of deflection on the ECG tracing.

Back 8

augmented leads

Front 9

breathing characterized by a prolonged inspiration unrelieved by expiration attempts, seen in patients with damage to the upper part of the pons.

Back 9

apneustic respiration

Front 10

chest pain that results when the blood supply's oxygen demands exceed the heart's.

Back 10

angina pectoris

Front 11

form of shock associated with adrenocortical insufficiency and characterized by profound hypotension and electrolyte imbalances.

Back 11

Addisonian crisis

Front 12

infectious, inflammatory viral disease of the central nervous system that sometimes results in permanent paralysis.

Back 12

poliomyelitis (polio)

Front 13

inflammation of the vermiform appendix at the juncture of the large and small intestines.

Back 13

appendicitis

Front 14

ligament that supports the duodenojejunal junction.

Back 14

ligament of Treitz

Front 15

marked edema of the skin that usually involves the head, neck, face, and upper airway; a common manifestation of severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

Back 15

angioneurotic edema

Front 16

progressive degeneration of specific nerve cells that control voluntary movement characterized by weakness, loss of motor control, difficulty speaking, and cramping. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease.

Back 16

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Front 17

related to disease processes or structural changes.

Back 17

biological/organic

Front 18

sudden onset of inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Back 18

acute gastroenteritis

Front 19

the absence of cardiac electrical activity; often used interchangeably with dysrhythmia.

Back 19

arrhythmia

Front 20

the absence or near-absence of oxygen.

Back 20

anoxia

Front 21

the destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy.

Back 21

catabolism

Front 22

the period of the cardiac cycle when stimulation will not produce any depolarization whatever.

Back 22

absolute refractory period

Front 23

the squeaking or grating sound of the pleural linings rubbing together.

Back 23

pleura

Front 24

the sudden onset of severely decreased urine production.

Back 24

acute renal failure (ARF)

Front 25

type of generalized seizure with sudden onset, characterized by a brief loss of awareness and rapid recovery.

Back 25

absence seizure

Front 26

type of white blood cell that participates in allergic responses.

Back 26

basophil

Front 27

10- to 12-cm-long tube that connects the larynx to the mainstem bronchi.

Back 27

trachea

Front 28

a blood clot in a vein.

Back 28

deep venous thrombosis

Front 29

a breathing pattern characterized by a period of apnea lasting 10-60 seconds, followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations; respiratory pattern of alternating periods of apnea and tachypnea.

Back 29

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Front 30

A chemical substance released by a gland, that controls or affects processes in other glands or body systems, is known as a(n):

Back 30

Hormone

Front 31

a collection of diseases that selectively affect one or more functional systems of the central nervous system.

Back 31

degenerative neurological disorders

Front 32

a collection of pus localized in an area of the brain.

Back 32

brain abscess

Front 33

a condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination.

Back 33

urinary stasis

Front 34

a death or degeneration of a part of the wall of an artery.

Back 34

cystic medial necrosis

Front 35

a decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide as a result of some interference with respiration.

Back 35

asphyxia

Front 36

a dialysis procedure relying on the peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane.

Back 36

peritoneal dialysis

Front 37

a dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane.

Back 37

hemodialysis

Front 38

a disease affecting the smallest blood vessels.

Back 38

microangiopathy

Front 39

a duct that carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.

Back 39

ureter

Front 40

a form of molecular diffusion in which a molecule specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecul's movement from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Back 40

facilitated diffusion

Front 41

A form of polyneuropathy that produces worsening muscle weakness, leading to paralysis is known as:

Back 41

Guillain-Barre Syndrome(Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy)

Front 42

A generalized enlargement of the thyroid gland

Back 42

goiter

Front 43

a group of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or freezing in the middle of an action.

Back 43

dystonias

Front 44

a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscle fibres.

Back 44

muscular dystrophy

Front 45

a hormone prodcued by kidney cells that stimulates maturations of red blood cells

Back 45

erythropoietin

Front 46

a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs swiftly following reexposure to an antigen. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually more severe than delayed reactions. The swiftest and most severe of such reactions is anaphylaxis.

Back 46

immediate hypersensitivity reaction

Front 47

a hypersensitivity reaction that takes place after the elapse of some time following reexposure to an antigen. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are usually less severe than immediate reactions.

Back 47

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Front 48

a marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as "self" or "not self."

Back 48

antigen

Front 49

a method of holding the alveoli open by increasing expiratory pressure. Some bag-valve units used in EMS have PEEP attachments. Also, EMS personnel sometimes transport patients who are on ventilators with PEEP attachments.

Back 49

positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Front 50

a muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus.

Back 50

pharynx

Front 51

a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging.

Back 51

benign prostatic hypertrophy

Front 52

A penetrating chest injury allowing air into the pleural space is known as:

Back 52

Open Pneumothorax

Front 53

A pneumothorax that occurs spontaneously, in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma.

Back 53

spontaneous pneumothorax

Front 54

a pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney.

Back 54

perinephric abscess

Front 55

a pocket of infection within kidney tissue.

Back 55

intrarenal abscess

Front 56

a progressive degenerative disease of the medium-sized and large arteries.

Back 56

peripheral arterial atherosclerotic disease

Front 57

A progressive impairment of the structure and function of the muscular walls of the heart chambers is known as:

Back 57

Cardiomyopathy

Front 58

a progressive, degenerative disease of the medium-sized and large arteries.

Back 58

atherosclerosis

Front 59

a reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside; the opposite of the cell’s resting state in which the inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside.

Back 59

cardiac depolarization

Front 60

a soluble poisonous substance secreted during growth of a bacterium.

Back 60

exotoxin

Front 61

a solution that has a concentration of the substance greater than that of a second solution.

Back 61

hyperosmolar

Front 62

a solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution.

Back 62

hypo-osmolar

Front 63

a structured exam designed to quickly evaluate a patient's level of mental functioning.

Back 63

mental status examination (MSE)

Front 64

a substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection.

Back 64

antibody

Front 65

a substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and also released by basophils that, through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to the injury site due to vasodilation and also increases the permeability of capillary walls.

Back 65

histamine

Front 66

a substance that liberates hydrogen ions (H+) when in solution.

Back 66

acid

Front 67

a substance that liberates hydroxyl ions (OH-) when in solution; a strong base.

Back 67

alkali

Front 68

a temporary alteration in behaviour due to the massive electrical discharge of one or more groups of neurons in the brain. Seizures can be clinically classified as generalized or partial.

Back 68

seizure

Front 69

a thickening, loss of elasticity, and hardening of the walls of the arteries from calcium deposits.

Back 69

arteriosclerosis

Front 70

a toxic syndrome; a group of typical signs and symptoms consistently associated with exposure to a particular type of toxin.

Back 70

toxidrome

Front 71

a tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity.

Back 71

eustachian tube

Front 72

a tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron.

Back 72

glomerulus

Front 73

A viral infection of the upper airways occurring in children between 6 months and 4 years of age is known as:

Back 73

Croup

Front 74

a waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells.

Back 74

creatinine

Front 75

absence of breathing

Back 75

Apnea.

Front 76

acquired immunity that occurs following exposure to an antigen and results in the production of antibodies specific for the antigen.

Back 76

active immunity

Front 77

acquired immunity that results from administration of antibodies either from the mother to the infant across the placental barrier (natural passive immunity) or through vaccination (induced passive immunity).

Back 77

passive immunity

Front 78

acute renal failure due to decreased blood perfusion of kidneys.

Back 78

prerenal acute renal failure

Front 79

acute renal failure due to obstruction distal to the kidney.

Back 79

postrenal acute renal failure

Front 80

administration of polyethylene glycol continuously at 1-2 L/hr through a nasogastric tube until the effluent is clear or objects are recovered.

Back 80

whole bowel irrigation

Front 81

air cavity that conducts fluids from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx.

Back 81

sinus

Front 82

alternative term for antibody.

Back 82

immunoglobulins (Igs)

Front 83

alveolar collapse.

Back 83

atelectasis

Front 84

alveolar partial pressure.

Back 84

PA

Front 85

amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in one minute.

Back 85

minute volume

Front 86

An abnormal increase in the amount of cerebroshpinal fluid within the cranial cavity that is accompanied by expansion of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the skull is known as:

Back 86

Hydrocephalus

Front 87

An acute elevation of blood pressure that requires the blood pressure to be lowered within one hour.

Back 87

hypertensive emergency

Front 88

An acute infectious disease of the lungs leading to inflammation and consolidation is known as:

Back 88

Pneumonia

Front 89

an enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure.

Back 89

renin

Front 90

An exaggerated allergic reaction with severe bronchospasm and vascular collapse, which may be fatal is known as:

Back 90

Anaphylaxis

Front 91

an exaggerated and harmful immune response; an umbrella term for allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity.

Back 91

hypersensitivity

Front 92

an exotoxin that produces gastrointestinal symptoms and diseases such as food poisoning.

Back 92

enterotoxin

Front 93

an extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss.

Back 93

end-stage renal failure

Front 94

An increased rate and/or depth of respiration that results in abnormal lowering of the arterial carbon dioxide tension is known as:

Back 94

Hyperventilation Syndrome

Front 95

an infection acquired in a medical setting.

Back 95

nosocomial infection

Front 96

an infection and inflammation of the kidney.

Back 96

pyelonephritis

Front 97

an infection and inflammation of the urethra.

Back 97

urethritis

Front 98

an infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Back 98

cystitis

Front 99

an infection occurring in a nonhospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of instruments such as catheters.

Back 99

community-acquired infection

Front 100

an infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract.

Back 100

urinary tract infection (UTI)