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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Death |
The cessation of life |
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Mourning |
Outward expression of bereavement and grief |
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Bereavement |
The process of adjusting to the experience of loss , especially to the death of friends or loved ones
- Involves the overall experience of loss |
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Grief |
The intense emotional suffering that accompanies our experience of loss |
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Mourning |
The outward expression of bereavement and grief |
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Factors affecting risk of death |
- Eating Habits, Lifestyle, Health habits -Heredity -Smoking -Personality -Stress management |
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Mortality Salience |
Awareness of our own mortality
Factors: Events surrounding us (accidents, loss of loved ones, natural disasters) cause our mortality salience to fluctuate daily
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Death Anxiety |
Fear of death
-People in 20s have the most death anxiety -Events can also increase death anxiety in individuals
Late adulthood: tend to talk more about death -usually fear death less, more afraid of process
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Children's understanding of death |
Under 3 year old: no cognitive maturity to understand death, however can still miss/absence
3-5 years old: No understanding of the biological underpinnings of death, seen as temporary
6-10 years old: Knowledge of death increases in complexity -death is inescapable -death happens to everyone -death is inevitable -death stops bodily processes -death is biological |
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Experience of dying |
The physical and psychological changes experienced by individuals nearing death |
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Experience of dying Stages |
(1) Coming to terms with mortality (2) Physical and Cognitive changes that occur
Stages: (1). Denial of death (2). Anger & Resentment (3). Bargain for time (4) Depression (5) Acceptance |
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Grief Work |
The healthy process of working through emotions associated with loss, freeing ourselves emotionally from the deceased, readjustment to life without that person, resuming ordinary activities, forming new relationships |
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Acute Bereavement |
2a: integrated grief 2b. complicated grief
*Acute Bereavement: Normal, 6 months - Sharp pain, intense -Dominates your experiences - Deep, profound nature of pain -momentary cliffs - triggers -variable course-moments -overtime less pain and disruption and becomes less dominates |
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Integrated Grief |
(90%) Duration: Lifelong or stress, normal
*Integrated Grief: primarily a background state; grief is experienced from time to time, part of a persons sense of self
-Yearning -Anniversary reactions -Memoralizing -not dominating -less idealizing view of deceased -
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Complicated Grief |
(10%) Abnormal, after 6 months - ongoing
2 major predictions: (1) Nature of death (2) Relationship with the deceased
-not adjustment -mind, emotions, and life dominated by the experience of loss of the loved one, ongoing -psychological state in which a persons emotional reaction to loss remains repressed, often being manifested in unexplained physical or psychological symptoms . |
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Self Concept |
The overall image or awareness we have of ourselves, including those perceptions of "I" and "me", together with feelings, beliefs, and values associated with them
-There is a consistency/ coherence to our thoughts and actions |
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Self protective processes |
(1) Discounting: the significance of an ability traditionally values by society is lessened (2) self-serving attributional bias: beliefs that glorify the self or conceive of the self as causing good outcomes that come out way (fundamental attribution error) |
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Four kinds of self |
- Body image: the awareness of my body -Self-image: the self I see myself to be -ideal-self: the self I'd like to be -social self: the ways I feel others see me
Multiple selves
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Ideal Self |
The self you would like to be, including your aspirations, moral ideals, and values
-With experience & maturity aspirations should increasingly become representative of self-chosen goals and values
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Social Selves |
Comprised of the impressions we think others have of us, which may or may not be an accurate reflection of reality |
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Spotlight Effect |
overestimate how prominent our own behavior, appearance, and emotions are to others |
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Multiple Selves or self-complexity |
the extent to which one's self concept is comprised of many differentiated self-aspects -varies from person to person, and culture to culture |
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The core of the self-concept |
Those aspects of ourselves we regard as very important to us (religious, racial, ethnic, academic, physical) |
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Self consistency |
the tendency to perceive our experiences in a manner consistent with our self-concept
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Self immunization |
trivializing threatening information by making behavior seem less important |
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Mnemonic Neglect |
poor recall, or forgetting, of negative feedback that is inconsistent with core aspects of the self concept |
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Self- esteem |
the personal evaluation of ourselves and the associated feelings of worth Four main types: physical attractiveness physical abilities cognitive abilities social relationships |
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Influences on self-esteem |
childhood experiences own standards of self-worth images perpetuated by media culture - individualistic versis collective success v. failure |
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Effects of high and low self esteem |
high self esteem : associated with positive feelings, happy, positive well being, persist in the face of failure can also lead to antisocial behavior
low self esteem: associated with negative thoughts about oneself etc... |
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Minority stress and self esteem |
minority stress: the psychological and social stress associated with minority status
-self protective mechanism for maintaining self esteem |
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Striving for self- esteem |
how people strive for self-esteem is important in regards to personal growth and adjustment than whether their level of self esteem is high or low |
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Self enhancement (organizational process) |
The tendency to evaluate oneself favorably, try to attain positive feedback that affirms their own ideas about their positive qualities |
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Self verification (organizational process) |
the tendency to attempt to preserve their own images (both + and -) of themselves and therefore elicit feedback that verifies or confirms their own self perceptions (both + and -)
- Gives us a sense of consistency and stability
-more rate in contrast to self protection -depression : less likely to accept positive feedback -self protection bias |
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Self- Ideal Discrepancy |
Perceived real self and real self
-Larger the discrepancy the poorer self esteem
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Behavioral Self- Handicapping |
Actively creating an obstacle to performances, so that poor performance can be attributed to the obstacles rather than to internal factors
- Preparatory : for excuse |
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Self Attribution bias |
(self-serving attribution)
Positive outcome - internal causes Negative outcome - external causes |
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Body Image |
the mental images, attitudes, and feelings we form of our own bodies |
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Body image in relation to ideal |
- 55 percent of 8-10 year old girls are dissatisfied with their bodies and 35 percent of boys
-body satisfaction continues with age -less important in adulthood |
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Media and Body Image |
Effects of media on female body image: media increases the desire to be thin, greater exposure to media is associated with poorer body image, women of color however experience greater body satisfaction
Effects of media on boys: not as great as women, although still exist
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Ideal body and us |
Satisifaction with our bodies in greatly influenced by our image of our ideal body
closer we are to our ideal body the less pressure we feel
- tendency to view our bodies more negatively the farther they are from our ideal |
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Self - efficacy |
the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute actions required to produce given attainments
-both psychological and physical well-being and functioning are enhanced by higher self-efficacy |
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Factors in seeking medical care |
(1) noticing and interpreting symptoms (2) seeking professional help when needed (3) adhering to the prescribed treatment |
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Assessing body image |
- self - report measures -figural stimuli |
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Kaerbye- Thygenson study |
sample: 27-38 y.o women, 50th percentile BMI, below, not extremely overweight but not obsess
"why do slim women consider themselves heavy"?
Comparison to "too heavy" and acceptable
findings: higher BMI - heavier age did not matter, incrusted age= more acceptable weight
earlier sexual activity amount those who felt heavy
more sports involvement greater heavier feeling
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Stages of change model |
1. precontemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintanece 6. transcendence |
