Exam 2

Front 1

Socialization

Back 1

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and culture

Front 2

3 outcomes/goals of socialization

Back 2

1. knowledge & skills

2. norms & values

3. develop self and personality

Front 3

self

Back 3

self-awareness and self image. A distinct identity that sets us apart from others

Front 4

looking-glass self

Back 4

A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions

Front 5

personality

Back 5

a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking and feeling

Front 6

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 6

Nature= instinct/biology

Nurture=learned/culture

Front 7

Agents of socialization

Back 7

1. the family

2. school

3. peer groups

4. mass media

5. workplace

6. religion/state

Front 8

peer groups

Back 8

a group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

Front 9

mass media

Back 9

impersonal communications directed to a vast audience

Front 10

6 areas of differing socialization

Back 10

1. agents of socialization differ

2. more than listed agents (or less)

3. social location - race, class, age, gender

4. generation cohort

5. interaction with agents

6. nature vs. nurture

Front 11

theoretical explanations of socialization

(2 people)

Back 11

Freud

Mead

Front 12

Freud

Back 12

-Basic drives

1. Eros - life instinct

2. Thanatos-aggression

Front 13

3 parts of personality (Freud)

Back 13

1. id - the human being's basic drives

2. superego - the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual

3. ego - a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with demands of society

Front 14

Mead

Back 14

2 parts of self

1. "I" - biological part of self consisting of inborn impulses. self as a subject

2. "me" - the part of self consisting of attitudes of significant others/society. self as object

Front 15

3 stages of socialization

Back 15

1. Preparatory Stage

2. Play Stage

3. The game stage

Front 16

Preparatory stage

Back 16

pre symbolic stage of self. small infant. engages in imitation. 3-6 months

Front 17

Play stage

Back 17

acquires symbols and vocabulary. 1-5 years old. One other in one situation while playing

Front 18

Game Stage

Back 18

self is able to take role of many others in one situation when engaging in games

Front 19

Generalized other stage

Back 19

widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves

Front 20

Social interaction

Back 20

the process by which people act and react in relation to others

Front 21

social structure

Back 21

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

the way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

Front 22

status

Back 22

a social position that a person holds

Front 23

status set

Back 23

all the statuses a person holds at a particular time

Front 24

ascribed states

Back 24

social position that a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

Front 25

achieved status

Back 25

a social position that a person assumes voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

Front 26

master status

Back 26

status that has special importance for social identity often shaping a person's entire life

Front 27

role

Back 27

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

Front 28

role conflict

Back 28

the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person

Front 29

role strain

Back 29

the difficulty that arises when the same status imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Front 30

5 strategies to reduce role strain (Goode)

Back 30

1. compartmentalization

2. delegation

3. elimination

4. extension

5. establish barriers

Front 31

compartmentalization

Back 31

segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another

-planning

Front 32

Delegation

Back 32

pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates

Front 33

elimination

Back 33

pass on some aspects of role set to peers

Front 34

extension

Back 34

expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement in difficult or strain producing elements of role set

Front 35

establish barriers

Back 35

produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy

Front 36

social construction of reality

Back 36

the process by which individuals creatively build reality through social interaction

Front 37

definition of situation

Back 37

a person's perception of what is occurring. our picture of reality

Front 38

Thomas Theorem

Back 38

situations that are defined as real become real in the consequences

Front 39

aligning actions

Back 39

largely verbal efforts to create on alignment between the substance of social interaction, self conceptions of those involved, and the culture they share

Front 40

1. Motive Talk

Back 40

telling others why you did something or intend to do something

Front 41

2. disclaimer

Back 41

a verbal device people empty when they want to ward off the negative implications of an impending act

Front 42

3. accounts

Back 42

someone who commits an unacceptable act is asked to explain to satisfy others

a) excuses = acknowledge that act is wrong, but deny that the individual was responsible for conduct.

b) justification = the person accepts responsibility for the act, but denies that it is undesirable and wrong

Front 43

4. apology

Back 43

the person who commits the unacceptable act admits then expresses remorse for it.

Front 44

social group

Back 44

2 or more people who 1. identify with and 2. interact with one another

Front 45

category

Back 45

people who have some statuses in common (take away interaction)

Front 46

aggregate

Back 46

a number of people who are in the same place at the same time (missing identification)

Front 47

crowd

Back 47

a loosely formed collection of people

Front 48

primary group

Back 48

small group whose members share personal and lasting relationships --family, friends

Front 49

secondary group

Back 49

large group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

Front 50

sensorimotor stage

Back 50

Piaget's term at which individuals experience the world only through their senses

Front 51

concrete operational stage

Back 51

Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings

Front 52

formal operational stage

Back 52

Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically

Front 53

anticipatory socialization

Back 53

learning that helps a person achieve a desired position

Front 54

gerontology

Back 54

the study of aging and the elderly

Front 55

gerontocracy

Back 55

a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige

Front 56

ageism

Back 56

prejudice and discrimination against older people

Front 57

cohort

Back 57

a category of people with something in common, usually age

Front 58

ethnomethodology

Back 58

Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

Front 59

dramaturgical analysis

Back 59

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

Front 60

Presentation of self

Back 60

Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others.

Front 61

instrumental leadership

Back 61

group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

Front 62

expressive leadership

Back 62

group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being

Front 63

groupthink

Back 63

the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

Front 64

reference group

Back 64

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decision

Front 65

in-group

Back 65

a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty.

Front 66

out-group

Back 66

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

Front 67

dyad

Back 67

a social group with two members

Front 68

triad

Back 68

a social group with three members

Front 69

network

Back 69

a web of weak social ties

Front 70

formal organization

Back 70

a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

Front 71

tradition

Back 71

behavior, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Front 72

rationality

Back 72

a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

Front 73

rationalization of society

Back 73

the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human though

Front 74

organizational environment

Back 74

factos outside an organization that affect its operation

Front 75

bureaucracy

Back 75

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Front 76

bureaucratic ritualism

Back 76

a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals

Front 77

bureucratic intertia

Back 77

the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Front 78

oligarchy

Back 78

the rule of the many by the few

Front 79

scientific management

Back 79

Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization