Exam 1 Biology 173

Front 1

Five shared derived traits of Charophytes and plants

Back 1

cellulose synthesizing complexes

peroxisome enzymes

flagellated sperm

formation of a pharmoblast

molecular similarities

Front 2

sporopollenin

Back 2

a durable polymer that prevents an exposed zygote from drying out

Front 3

adaptive advantages and characteristics that lead to multicellularity

Back 3

an increase in size

coordinated patterns of growth

specialized cells

cell to cell communication

hormones

oogamous sexual reproduction

Front 4

isogamy

Back 4

2 mobile gametes of the same size

Front 5

anisogamy

Back 5

large egg and small sperm that are both mobile

Front 6

apical meristems

alteration of generations

walled spores produced by a sporangium

multicellular gametangia

multicellular and dependent embryos

Back 6

Five traits that Plantae has but charophycean lacks

Front 7

non-vascular

flagellated sperm

no true roots or tissues

have hydroids for moving water and nutrients

Back 7

traits of bryophytes

Front 8

sporophylls

Back 8

spore producing leaves

Front 9

xylem

Back 9

moves water typically in one direction from root to shoot

Front 10

phloem

Back 10

moves photosynthesis products down from the leaves

Front 11

lignin

Back 11

an organic polymer in vascular plants and some algae cell walls that produce rigidity and prevent rot

Front 12

cause of carboniferous period

Back 12

CO2 was pulled out of the atmosphere by the vast growth of trees which caused the air to cool and dry out causing glacier formation

Front 13

asexual reproduction

Back 13

creation of offspring without the fusion of sperm and egg

Front 14

sexual reproduction

Back 14

creation of offspring by fusion of a male and female gamete

Front 15

budding reproduction

Back 15

another individual "buds" off of another and either detached like in hydra or stays connected like in coral

Front 16

fission

Back 16

division of the parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

Front 17

fragmentation

Back 17

breaking off of a body part or parts and then that body part develops into another individual like in sea stars

Front 18

parthenogenisis

Back 18

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg like in bees

Front 19

two fold cost of sexual reproduction

Back 19

sexual females produce less daughters than the females that are a sexual

Front 20

meiosis cost of sexual reproduction

Back 20

meiosis only allows half of an individuals genetic into to be passed down

Front 21

seedless vascular plant life cycle

Back 21

Front 22

life cycle of bryophytes

Back 22

Front 23

seed plant reproduction

Back 23

Front 24

reduced gametophytes

separation of male and female function

ovules

pollen grains

seeds

Back 24

shared derived traits of seed plants

Front 25

high genetic variation

facilitates adaptation

speeds up evolution

Back 25

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

Front 26

energy costly

courtship uses time and resources

sacrifices the fitness of one sex or the other

Back 26

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Front 27

saves energy

courtship is not an issue

greatest increase in fitness for each individual

Back 27

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Front 28

low energetic variability

adaptation to environment is difficult

retards evolution

Back 28

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Front 29

parthenogenesis

Back 29

offspring develops from an unfertilized egg

Front 30

hermaphroditism

Back 30

individuals that have both male and female reproductive systems

Front 31

sex reversal

Back 31

individuals that can change sexes

Front 32

the evolutionary advantage of sexual reversal

Back 32

always have more females for maximum reproduction

Front 33

external fertilization

Back 33

gametes are released into the environment where they fertilize

Front 34

internal fertilization

Back 34

sperm is deposited near the female reproduction tract creating a greater efficiency of conception in dry environments