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42 Cards in this Set
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5 Criteria for Civilization |
1. Urbanism: group living together in one place 2. Specialized populations: people do things other than produce food 3. Social stratification: an organization of society 4. Long-distance trade 5. Writing systems (society must be stable) |
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Paleolithic Period |
2.5 million years ago Stone Age; rocks as tools 3 of 5 characteristics of civ. (Social structure, cultural achievements, climate warms, makes life easier) |
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Mesolithic period (20,000-10,000 years ago) |
Climate shift: Small animals thrived making hunting easier Plants flourished Efficient tools (handles) Culture: cave paintings mostly of animals, experimentation w/ color dyes, shading, perspective. Statues of exaggerated women. Spiritual (burials/funerals, buryong artifacts w/ dead). |
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Neolithic Period (10,000-3,000 y.a) |
Urbanism expansion sedentary lifestyle (b/c of controlled food supply; domesticated plants and animals) Tools: axe, hoe : axe, hoe |
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Catal Höyük |
Neolithic people No writing system (not a civ) Self-fortified city (no windows/doors on ground level, traveled from place to place inside walls, and on top of buildings, left via ladders. Egalitarianism: all belongings were equal, self-sustaining (one person would trade their goods for others goods within city). Spiritual: bury dead for abt 2yrs, dig them up and place in their homes and would decorate the skeletons. (Ancestor worship) Art: statues used for offerings for Gods, sometimes were figures doing some sort of action |
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Mesopotamia (6,000-3,000 BCE) |
Dry climate called for irrigation, creating organized labor. Lack of natural defenses in N. And S. (Mountains, vallies, rivers, etc) Frequent flooding |
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Mesopotamian settlements / reasons for their failure |
-Hassuna: too much of one crop (nutrition deficiency, plant disease) -Halaf: poor diets -Samarra: sanitation issues, envrmtl. destruction. -Ubaid Most Mesopotamian settlements had issues with combat, lacking in organization and control. |
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Uruk (4,000-2,900) |
Cultural/technological contributions: Pictographs (picture writing on clay) Cylinder seals (carved images rolled onto clay) Potter's wheel Production of bronze (copper + tin) New political order; priest king rules, zigurat |
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Old Babylon |
Mesopotamian city Amorites: nomadic Culture: new head dresses, clothing like Aruuk Religion: gods of Babylon and Sumer |
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Hammurabi (1728-1686) |
Mesopotamian/city of Babylon Code of Hammurabi: 282 laws w/ scaled punishments/fines, eye for an eye, Included laws pertaining to household and family relationships, inheritance, divorce, paternity, sexual behavior, worker conduct, slavery. |
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Egypt |
Along Nile River, red land=chaos, Floods were predictable and desired Gods created them out of love and joy, Warm/hospitable peoples Produced art, pottery, figurines, incorporated natural elements Pharaoh: Narmer (ca. 3000) Duties were to rule upper and lower Egypt, lead religion (considered to be a divine figure, almost demi-god like), deals out justice |
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Early Dynastic Egypt (3000-2700 BCE) |
Manetho (ca. 280); historian priest, wrote book on how to be a pharaoh. Wrote that pharaohs were heirs of Ra |
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Religion in Egypt |
What you do on earth decides your entrance into afterlife Ka= soul, must be able to re-enter the body Funeral rituals, tombs ("mastaba", @ base of pyramid) and preservation (mummification) for pharaohs only, items left for pharaohs in tomb for their use in afterlife Develop writing system to preserve history of pharaohs and religion |
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Pantheon and afterlife |
Osiris: 1st pharaoh, lived on earth, brought agriculture Isis: Goddess of life, wife of Osiris, mummified Osiris Horus: son of Isis and Osiris, super human, falcon guy Seth: Horus' evil bro, god of desert, magic box traps and kills him, claims Egypt. |
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Revolution of 2650 BCE |
Djoser (documented pharaoh) Imhotep (1st vizier, designs pyramid) Development of Bureaucracy: 1. God's 2. Pharaoh 3. Vizier (active politicians) 4. Nomarchs (governors) 5. Commoners |
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Old kingdom (2613-2130) / 4th Dynasty Egypt |
Engineering feats: pyramids of Giza, sphinx. Not many slaves Special treatment for pyramid workers (better pyramids meant better afterlife, symbol of power) |
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Development of Hieroglyphics / Hieratic (Egypt) |
Hieroglyphics; holy writing, upper class privilege, historic record, told orally, scribal school
Hieratic; everyday, simple, phonetic, no scribal school
Now wrote on papyrus (not as durable as clay) |
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1st intermediate period 2181-2055 BCE) |
Dynastic system collapse b/c ppl no longer relied on pharaoh Failure of bureaucracy (rise of nobility) |
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Middle kingdom |
Mentuhotep of Thebes invades Egypt, brings along with him religious reform, reorganization of the hierarchy (no more hereditary positions), fortifications. |
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Ma'at |
Weighing of the heart (light=good, heavy=bad), decides if you go in to the afterlife. Ammet (crocodile dude) eats your soul and no one will remember you after you die. |
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Second collapse of Egypt |
Amenet IV (military leader) dies, ave his daughter dies before she has children. (1806-1802 BCE) Also crop failure, small population, continuous invasions |
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Asiatics |
Group of people (from the east) known for invading Egypt during second intermediate period (1640-1550). Hyksos "ruler of foreign lands" bring chariots and donkeys. |
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New kingdom 1550 (Egypt) |
Ahmose I- 1550-1525, brutality dies
Ahhotep I- runs successful delta campaigns to become a pharaoh, strong military commander, reorganized administration, industry, pyramids, foreign campaigns to Levant (costal region) |
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Amenhotep III (Egypt) |
Takes Egypt's reputation seriously Diplomacy important, flourishing of arts: building projects ("Luxor"=living/"Karnak"= dead cities), religion important, statuary 250, has non-Egyptian wife, Tiye of Nubia (creates trade relations/alliance with Nubia, who offer silver for Egypt's gold). |
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Hatshepsut (1473-1548, Egypt) |
Military leader, interest in innovation, new plants, pleasing his people, new building style, campus of funeral galleries and tombs Presents himself well, and is determined to do what's right for the people. *stepson defaced temple. |
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Sumer |
Technological advances (cuneiform; wedge-shaped tablet w/ stories written on them), new political structure (shift away from priestking; 1. king, 2. Priest,3. nobels, 4. Scribes, 5. Artisans, 6. Laborers/farmers, 7. Slaves/women) Writing/math (tokens and bullae; markings on coins indicate different uses, hexagesimal system based off factors of 60) |
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Sumer Early Dynastic Period (2900-2300 BCE) |
Writing was recognized as divine, extremely complex (education in writing took 4-6 yrs) Patriarch (multigen. families, eldest rules) Anthropomorphic gods, polytheistic Cities owned by Gods, who people what do votive offerings, taking something to the foot of the gods statue Rise of kingship, unquestionable power |
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Epic of Gilgamesh |
Quest for immortality. God's challenge Gilgamesh to civilize a beast, gives it a beer and bread, turns it into a man. Is told that he can find youthfulness from a plant, but soon realizes that this is not true. Moral of the story is that the people that you rule will make you immortal, they will carry on your legacy. |
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Akkad (ca. 2500) |
Political unification (city, state, empire; areas of different social ideologies, language, religion Semitic language different from Sumerians Frequent floods and different types of animals |
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Vassal state |
Conqured by kingdom but keeps its social and political structure. |
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Puppet kingdom |
Conqured but its social and political ideologies are assimilated into conquerors. |
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Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279) |
1st Akkadian emperor Spreads heroic lore about himself to gain support; is successful in doing so. "Floated down the river to find his destiny by his mother" Used his family as ambassadors of Akkad Set new trade policy for the use of scales and standardized weigh fur trade. Also new calendar |
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Enheduanna |
Daughter of Sargon of Akkad Appointed as chief priest in Sumer by Sargon. Created temple hymns |
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Naram-Sin |
Sumerian fighting family Leads Sumer into new territories Soon begins to lose footing after he loses battles after he claims the reason he won was because of his lover Innana |
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Gubtians |
Invades Sumer Gudea of Lagash (2080-2060) Attempts of unification but fails. Poor agriculture Transforms the Sumerian language. |
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3rd Dynasty of Ur (2100-2000) |
Ur-Nammu's law code: procedure and policy Continued disunity Social reorganization |
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Amenhotep IV (1353-1335 BCE) |
Also named Akhenaten
Founded desert capitol of Amarna (sun makes them closer to gods)
Religious, educational, and architectural focus.
Delegates military obligations to others.
New trade partners |
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Amarna Letters |
Texts written by Amenhotep IV (or his delegates) directed to kings Contained respectful and friendly language. Some recipients werr Babylonia, Assyria, Mittani, Arzawa, Alashiya, Hatti |
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King Tut |
1st intact tomb to get widespread media coverage Very flashy items in his tomb |
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Ramses II (1290-1224) "The Great" |
Creates stable empire Combines military and diplomacy Enemies used as resources for labor building Firm control in Nubia, Libya, Syria (Hittities), Canaan (display of military power). New military tech: chariots and bows |
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Battle of Kadesh |
Ramses II vs. Muwatalli II (Hittite Empire) Ramses claimed to have total victory however, other evidence shows that sides needed to concede. |
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Ramses III |
12th ct. collapse of Egypt Egypt nearing a food famine |
