Lecture 1

Front 1

Edward Jenner

Back 1

(1749-1823)

Smallpox vaccination

Father of Immunology

weak strain to protect against strong

credited for his findings

Front 2

Koch & Pasteur

Back 2

(1843-1910)

Koch isolated bacteria causing disease(figuring out germ causing disease)

Pasteur(1822-1895) was using pasteurization(killing organisms w heat)

Demonstrating what Koch was proving

Pasteur discovered vaccinations by accident(messing experiment up)

*vaccines, cholera, and rabies

Front 3

Von Behring & Kitasato

Back 3

(1854-1917)

discovered antibodies

Front 4

Metchinikoff

Back 4

(1845-1908)

phagocytic cells

innate immunity

Front 5

Normal Flora/Commensal Bacteria

Back 5

NF: good bacteria colonizes the body

commensal organisms keep us healthy/couldn't survive w/ out them

dont normally cause infection'digesting food'

Front 6

Pathogen/Opportunistic Pathogen

Back 6

P: organism that causes disease

Ex- bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites[worms, protozoa]

OP: organism that causes disease in a person with a compromised immune system

Front 7

gram negative vs. gram positive structure

Back 7

Front 8

Non-specific defenses

Back 8

Termed innate immunity

Broad and rapid

Naturally present and is not due to prior infection or vaccination

Recognizes ALOT as being foreign to prevent from spreading

Born with defenses[ready to go]

Front 9

Innate[non specific] surface defenses and CCC defenses

Back 9

SD: surface barriers

CCC defenses: cellular, chemical, coordinated

Front 10

Specific Defenses

Back 10

Termed "Adaptive" Immunity

we can get infection and save those, next time organism tries to get in infection, it won't be established.

Front 11

Adaptive [specific] has what 2 things

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cell mediated immunity [CMI]

Humoral Immunity [HI]

Front 12

Purpose of surface barriers

Back 12

Skin and Mucosa

prevents entry of pathogens

Front 13

Respiratory tract surface barriers

Back 13

hair, sinuses, trachea, lungs, skin

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urogenital tract surface barriers

Back 14

kidneys, bladder, vagina, nails

Front 15

gastrointestinal tract surface barriers

Back 15

eyes, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, mammary glands

Front 16

CCC defenses: Phagocytosis basic process

Back 16

-helps eliminate pathogens that have entered the tissues

1. Bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement

2.One complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacterium, the other attracts the effector cell by receptor

3. the complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium

4. the effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills, it and breaks it down

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CCC defenses: inflammation basic process

Back 17

recruits mediators, clears infection, and promotes repair

1. healthy skin is not inflamed

2. surface wound introduces bacteria, which activates resident effector cells to secrete cytokines

3. vasodilation and increased vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood, and enter tissue

4. The infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness heat swelling and pain

Front 18

purpose of clonal selection

Back 18

[lymphocytes recognizing pathogen]

whole bunch of lymphocytes can bind to something different which is an advantage to us. our body picks the lymphocyte and uses for adaptive immune response bc of clonal selection.

Front 19

purpose of clonal expansion

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participate in adaptive immunity- proliferate and divide

Front 20

steps of clonal selection and expansion

Back 20

1. during development progenitor cells give rise to large #'s of lymphocytes each with a different specificity[non specific to specific]

2. during infection lymphocytes with receptors that recognize the pathogen are activated

3. proliferation and differentiation of pathogen activated lymphocytes give effector cells that terminate the infection

** effector cells then eliminate the pathogen

Front 21

purpose of immunological memory

Back 21

specific lymphocytes stay in the body and provide long term memory(primed for faster and stronger response if re infected)

-Primary Immune Response: 1st infection(created memory cells)

Secondary Immune Response: 2nd infection (stopped before it started)

Front 22

structure and function of lymphatic system

Back 22

lymph: protein rich fluid derived from the blood plasma that seeps through capillary walls into the tissue

-carries antigen to lymphoid tissues

-fluid in tissue collected in lymph vessel to form lymph and needed to return back in bloodstream

-to maintain blood pressure

-lymph node and spleen respond to infection

Front 23

lymph nodes

Back 23

Masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

"service centers" "Pit stop"

-adaptive immune response to pathogen

-if u have pathogens entering it makes it stop with lymph nodes

Front 24

identify central lymphoid tissue

Back 24

-bone marrow (produces blood cells, where B-cells mature)

-thymus(where t cells mature)

5-600 L. nodes

Front 25

peripheral lymphoid tissue

Back 25

-lymph nodes(collect antigen from infections in tissues)

-spleen(collect antigen from the blood)

-MALT(mucosal associated lymphoid tissues) (collects antigen from resp., gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts)

**exis GALT, tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches

Front 26

differences in lymph and blood

Back 26

blood: oxygenated blood moves thru capillaries to tissue

deoxygenated blood moves thru veins to return to the heart [continuous]

lymph: lymphatic vessels(yellow) collect extravasated tissue fluid, filter it thru lymph nodes and return it to circulation

not continuous

blood vessels come in L. nodes, circulation leaves L node than back to heart

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which progenitors produce different blood cells

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1.erythrocytes(RBC's): transport O2

2. megakaryocyte-> thrombocytes(Platelets): blood clotting

3. Leukocytes(WBC's): granular, agranular

Front 28

types of granular leukocytes

(polymorphonuclear leukocyte(PMN)/granulocyte

Back 28

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

Front 29

neutrophils

Back 29

-recruited to infection site

-amplify inflammation

-defend against pathogens

1. phagocytosis 2. release anti-microbials 3. generation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETS)

-super helpful, 1st cell to recruit for phagocyte

-as they die, release chromatin and net to contain pathogen

[phagocytosis & killing of microorganisms]

Front 30

Basophils

Back 30

1. Active in inflammatory reactions

2. release histamine and heparin(during allergic reactions)

very potent, produce alot of mediators for inflammation

[controlling immune responses to parasites]

Front 31

Eosinophil

Back 31

1. combat parasites

2. active in some viral infections

-not a lot in U.S bc we are more developed

[killing of antibody-coated parasites thru release of granule release of granule contents]

Front 32

Agranular Leukocytes types

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monocytes

dendritic cells

lymphocytes

-NK Cells, T cells, B cells

Front 33

Monocytes

Back 33

1. replenish macrophage and dendritic cell populations

2. respond to inflammation-activated to become macrophages

[Monocyte:circulating precursor cell to macrophage

macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses]

Front 34

Dendritic cells

Back 34

1. phagocytosis, processes and presents antigen(antigen presenting cell)

2. migrates to lymphoid tissues to interact with T and B cells

[activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses]

Front 35

Lymphocyte NK Cells

Back 35

1. 1st responder in viral infections

heavily involved in viral infection

2.cytotoxic effects on tumor and virus infected cells

(function of NK cells in innate immunity is similar to function of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity)

[kills cells infected with certain viruses]

Front 36

Lymphocytes T cells

cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, memory t cells, regulatory t cells

Back 36

1. cytotoxic t cells: destroy tumor or virus infected cells

2. helper t cells: help stimulate B cells, cytotoxic T cells,and macrophages via binding and cytokine production

3. memory t cells: quick responders during recurrent infection

4. regulatory t cells: suppress active t cell populations

[production of antibodies(B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions(T cells)

Front 37

lymphocyte B cells

Back 37

1.make antibodies

2. perform role of antigen presenting cells

3. some develop into plasma cells and some into memory B cells

Front 38

4 steps leading up to an adaptive immune response

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1. macrophage recognizes the pathogen

2. neutrophils are recruited to the tissue

3. dendritic cells carry the pathogen to a local lymph node

4. dendritic cells show the pathogen to lymphocytes in the lymph node

Front 39

9 steps of the innate through adaptive immune response

Back 39

1. MO engulf PA& secrete cytokines, LH engulf PA

2. vasodilation and NT recruited

3. PA's and LH move in fluid(LH mature to DH) in lymph draining LN

4. PA and LH/DC arrive at lymph node

5. DC's stimulate lymphocytes to mature into effector cells

6. MO clear PA

7. If activated Th move follicle to aid Bc activation

8. If activated, Bc form germinal center to plasma cells toAb

9. activated Tc &/or Ab secreted in blood to site of infection

Front 40

immunology

Back 40

study of the physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms(bodys defense against infection)

Front 41

pathogen

Back 41

organism that causes disease

forex.

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites(worms, protozoa)

Front 42

lymph

Back 42

protein rich fluid derived from the blood plasma that seeps thru capillary walls into the tissue

Front 43

MALT

Back 43

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue. collects antigen from respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts

lymphoid cells and tissues organized below the epithelial layer of the bodys mucosal surfaces

Front 44

hematopoiesis

Back 44

is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. All blood cells start off as hematopoietic stem cells, and then specialize (differentiate) into myeloid cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils) or lymphoid cells (T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes).