Evolution Final Exam Part 3

Front 1

speciation

Back 1

the formation of a new species arise or the evolution of reproductive isolation between previously interbreeding groups

Front 2

morphilogical species concept

Back 2

groups that have shared morphological features, individuals that look alike

Front 3

biological species concept

Back 3

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups

Front 4

phylogenetic species concept

Back 4

species are identified by estimating the phylogeny of closely related populations and finding the smallest monophyletic groups

Front 5

allopatric model

Back 5

physical isolation creates a barrier to gene flow

Front 6

sympatric model

Back 6

no geographical isolation

Front 7

extrinsic

Back 7

geographical features like mountains, rivers, oceans, forests

geographic isolation

Front 8

intrinsic

Back 8

genetically based properties of organisms that limit gene flow

reproductive isolation

Front 9

proteins

Back 9

biochemically versatile, amino acid sequence could be information but no evidence that they can transmit inofrmation or replicate.

Front 10

DNA

Back 10

can store information and transmit information cia replication but no naturally occuring examples that show it does any kind of work

Front 11

RNA

Back 11

like dna can sotre and transmit information and it can have catalytic acitvity.

genotype and phenotype

Front 12

fossil

Back 12

trace of an organism that lived in hte past

Front 13

compression fossil

Back 13

when the specimen was buried under sediments, then exposed to pressure before decomposition. Preserces flat specimens well, thick specimens distored under the pressure. Preserves surface features

Front 14

Edysozoans

Back 14

are molting anumals and include nematodes and arthorpods

Front 15

lophotrochozoans

Back 15

characterized by the presence of the lophore a feeding tube

Front 16

microevolution

Back 16

changes in gene frequency within a population

Front 17

macroevolution

Back 17

evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution

Front 18

adaptive radiation

Back 18

when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches

Front 19

morphological innovation

Back 19

the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food

Front 20

puntuated equilibrium

Back 20

the idea that morphological change occurs rapidly and is associated with speciation events, between spaciation events are long periods of no morphological change.

Front 21

fossil

Back 21

trace of an organism that lived in the past

Front 22

compression fossil

Back 22

when the specimen was buried under sediments, then exposed to pressure before decomposition. Preserces flat specimens well, thick specimens distored under the pressure. Preserves surface features

Front 23

Edysozoans

Back 23

are molting anumals and include nematodes and arthorpods

Front 24

lophotrochozoans

Back 24

characterized by the presence of the lophore a feeding tube

Front 25

microevolution

Back 25

changes in gene frequency within a population

Front 26

macroevolution

Back 26

evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution

Front 27

adaptive radiation

Back 27

when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches

Front 28

macroevolution

Back 28

evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution

Front 29

morphological innovation

Back 29

the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food

Front 30

adaptive radiation

Back 30

when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches

Front 31

morphological innovation

Back 31

the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food

Front 32

puntuated equilibrium

Back 32

the idea that morphological change occurs rapidly and is associated with speciation events, between spaciation events are long periods of no morphological change.

Front 33

stasis

Back 33

no morphilogical change

Front 34

anagasis

Back 34

when an entire species may evolve into another by the morphospecies concept, so the ancestral species becomes extinct as the derived species appears

Front 35

mass exctinction

Back 35

intervals in which over 60% of the species went extinct within the span of a million years

Front 36

organisms vary in? (4)

Back 36

-the number of offspring produced
-the relative investment in each offspring
-how often they reproduce
-how long their reproductive lives are "life history characters"

Front 37

the "perfect organism" is

Back 37

-mature at birth
-continuously produces lots of high quality offspring
-lives forever

Front 38

some life history characters that can vary:

Back 38

-age at maturity
-size of litter(s)
-time between litters

Front 39

Theories of aging (2)

Back 39

1. rate of living theory
-wear and tear
-individuals repair as much as possible but cant keep up and damage accumulates
2. evolutionary theory
-energy allocation to repair treated to energy allocation for reproduction

Front 40

grandmother hypothesis

Back 40

suggests that older women increase their lifetime inclusive fitness by helping to raise grandchildren at the cost of giving up some reproductive potential.

Front 41

species

Back 41

groups that have shared morphological features (individuals that look alike)

Front 42

to apply phylogenetic species concept you?

Back 42

sequence and compare the same two genes from 38 populations

Front 43

to apply biological species concept you?

Back 43

test individuals for their ability to make and produce offspring.

Front 44

How do new species form?
3 steps?

Back 44

Speciation!
1. isolation of populations
2. divergence in traits
3. reproductive isolation that maintains evolutionary independence even if the two populations come into contact again.

1 and 2 can be simultaneously, 3 may not happen

Front 45

mechanisms of evolutionary change? 4

Back 45

mutation, drift migration, natural selection

Front 46

postzygotic isolation mechanism results in?

Back 46

reduced viability in the hybrid offspring.
-zygote does not develop
-offspring is sterile
-zygote has reduced viability

Front 47

Types of prezygotic mechanisms

Back 47

-ecological isolation
-temporal isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation

Front 48

types of postzygotic mechanisms

Back 48

-developmental incompatibilities
-ecology
-mating

Front 49

introgression

Back 49

If hybrids have even limited fitness, genes can be exchanged between species.

Front 50

life

Back 50

the ability to reproduce and evolve

Front 51

where did the RNA or other organic molecules come from?

Back 51

most likely from outerspace!

Front 52

creation o fossil depends on

Back 52

-durability of the specimen
-burial
-lack of decay

creates bias in fossil record

Front 53

unaltered remains are?

Back 53

amber, peat bogs, tar pits and permafrost

Front 54

the cambrian fossils show the first evidence of a diversity of what morphological innovations?
7

Back 54

-large body size
-segmented bodies
-limbs
-antennae
-shells
-exoskeletons
-notochords

Front 55

what trigers adaptive radiation?

Back 55

ecological opportunity and morphological opportunity

Front 56

ecological opportunity

Back 56

When a small population is suddenly presented with a wide array of ecological niches/resources. Can happen when a founder population colonizes a new place.


Can also happen after a mass extinction - the surviving species
now have unoccupied niches to fill.

Front 57

how to demonstrate stasis?

Back 57

-Need to examine a group with a known phylogeny
-Ancestral species overlap in time with descendent species,
so you can see that there was a splitting event rather than
anagenesis

Front 58

Development

Back 58

the process by which organisms achieve their adult form.
-includes growth, cell differentiation shape change, maturation

Front 59

Evo-Devo (evolution-development)

Back 59

Use our understanding of development to understand how changes
in developmental programs correspond with morphological evolution

Front 60

What are the 3 major developmental steps?

Back 60

1) decision to make a limb
2) extend limb primordia
3) what kind of limb? (Hox genes)

Front 61

how do vaccines work?

Back 61

by showing the immune system
the antigenic sites of a virus.

Front 62

virulence

Back 62

The relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Front 63

What are the models that explain virulence?

Back 63

1.The coincidental evolution hypothesis
2.The short sighted evolution hypothesis
3. The trade-off hypothesis

Front 64

The coincidental evolution hypothesis

Back 64

-Virulence in humans may not be the target of selection, but rather a byproduct of selection
on other traits.

Front 65

short sighted hypothesis

Back 65

Pathogens may go through several generations of evolution/selection within a host before transmission to a new host. In this case, selection for in-host fitness may be at odds with selection
favoring transmission to a new host

Front 66

the trade off hypothesis

Back 66

Rapid growth is likely to increase virulence, shortening the life span of the host, but may increase chances of transmission.