Ethics

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comes from the Greek word “ethos,” meaning character, or “a characteristic way of acting.”

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Ethics

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comes from the Latin word “moralis,” meaning customs or manners.

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Morality

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then seems to pertain to the individual character or a person/s, whereas morality seems to point to the relationships among human beings.

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Ethics

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it employs the power of human reason, which is purely a natural process. It is not based on the teaching of the Catholic church or any system of belief.

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Ethics is a natural science

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apply its principles to their conduct.

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Ethics is a practical science

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It is rather a moral science, dealing with the free acts of men.

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Ethics is not a physical science

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is the study of the moral behavior or conduct of man as viewed from the ultimate principles insofar as these principles are known by human reason.

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Ethics

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consists of “human acts.” Human acts are acts performed by a man as a man – acts in which his superior faculties of both intellect and will are used.

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Material Object

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is the moral rectitude of man’s human acts in relation to man’s natural end.

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Formal Object

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In order to reach its conclusions, ethics draws upon the following sources”

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Ethical Conclusions

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is lack of knowledge in a person capable of knowing.

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Ignorance

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Types of Ignorance

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-Vincible Ignorance

-Invincible Ignorance

-Affected

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is that which can and should be dispelled. It implies culpable negligence. The subject could know and ought to know.

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Vincible Ignorance

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Is that which cannot be dispelled.

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Invincible Ignorance

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is that which is deliberately fostered in order to avoid any obligation that knowledge might bring to light.

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Affected

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is an agitation or disturbance of mind resulting from some present or imminent danger.

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Fear

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is the rebellion of the passion against reason.

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Concupiscence

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is an external force applied by someone on another in order to compel him to perform an action against his will.

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Violence

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is an inclination to perform some particular action, acquired by repetition and characterized by a decreased power of resistance and an increased facility of performance.

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Habit

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can completely take away the voluntary nature of certain accts or can lessen the voluntary nature of those acts.

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Nervous Mental Disorder

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It is worth noting that divine revelation does not appear among the sources. Divine revelation is not a source of ethics but is employed as a check on its conclusion.

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Relationship with the divine revelation.

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is the science which guides our human judgment concerning the morality of human acts

is a science of ideals

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Ethics

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is human conduct in the light of ethics.

is the application of ethics.

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Morals

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presents truths about human acts, and from these truth deduces the general principles of morality.

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General Ethics

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is applied ethics. It applies the principles of general ethics in different departments of human activity, individual and social.

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Special Ethics

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is most often used in the social sciences, which, like ethics, deals with human behavior and conduct.

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The Scientific or Descriptive Approach

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having to do with norms and prescription. Using the example that human beings often act in their own self-interest, normative ethical philosophers would go beyond the description and conclusion and want to know whether human beings should or ought to act in their own self-interest.

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Normative/Prescriptive

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analyze the ethical language, ex. What do we mean when we use the word good). They also analyze the rational foundation for ethical system or the logic and reasoning of various ethicists.

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Metaethics/Analytic Ethics

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Many people today reject any moral norms or standards which would be based on the existence of values outside of us and they argue that the only valid norms are purely internal.

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Norms are Purely Internal

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There are some who use the norms that current opinions and customs determine the acceptable mode of acting or at least rationalize along those lines

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Norms based on current Opinions and Customs

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Other people regulate their actions in accordance with what is useful for them at the moment rather than what is objectively right or wrong. Many people today guide his action by expediency rather than by morality.

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Norm of Expediency

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There are still others who act in accordance with what is desirable, what one “prefers” doing rather than what is right or wrong.

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Norm of Preference

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To the question, “what must I do to act rightly and well?” there is one answer which we hear more often than any other in our day, “I must always do what I feel is right for me. I must not impose my views of right and wrong on you, and you must not impose your views on me. For after all, who is to say who is right?” Here, there is no objective standards for human activity, I must always act in what I perceive to be a loving way, be letting the situation, in all of its uniqueness, speak to me."

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Situation Ethics

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The use of individual freedom

Provided I do not hurt or harm anyone else.

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I must do what I feel is right for me

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Morality is not a matter of current opinions or actions of the majority, it is not a matter of what is useful at the moment, of a spirit of altruism, or expediency, or feeling.

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Evaluation

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is one that proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. It is an act that is deliberately and knowingly performed by one having the use of reason.

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Human Act

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is one that is not dependent upon intellect and free will. It is done by a human person but is not proper to him as person because it does stem from those faculties which are peculiar to man, namely intellect and will.

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Act of Man

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It will be seen rather easily that, in order to judge the morality of a human act, we must first consider the “act itself.

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The act itself

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human act is the reason for which the act is performed. In other words, the purpose is the intention of the agent.

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Purpose

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human act are those factors, distinct from the act itself and from the purpose, which may affect the morality of the act.

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Circumstances