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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of neurotransmitters
|
ACh
Catecholamines Serotonin GABA Glutamate Endorphins |
|
ACh: function
|
voluntary motor movements
memory * LOW levels ACh in Alzheimer's |
|
Catecholamines: function
|
personality
mood drive * catecholamine hypot * dopamine hypot Remember: Cats have Moody Personalities because they don't Drive |
|
Examples of catecholamines
|
norepinephrine
epinephrine dopamine |
|
Catecholamine hypothesis
|
Depression due to:
LOW levels norepinephrine |
|
Dopamine hypothesis
|
Schizophrenia due to:
HIGH levels dopamine |
|
Serotonin: function
|
hunger
temperature regulation sexual activity aggression onset of sleep |
|
Serotonin hypothesis
|
Schizophrenia & Autism associated with:
HIGH levels serotonin Depression, PTSD, OCD associated with: LOW levels serotonin |
|
GABA: function
|
sleep
eating seizure anxiety disorder * LOW levels GABA in Huntington's Disease |
|
Glutamate: function
|
learning
long-term memory HIGH glutamate in Huntington's & Alzheimer's |
|
Medulla: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
vital ANS functions:
circulation respiration |
|
Medulla: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
fatal
|
|
Pons: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
transmits motor info from higher brain & spinal cord to cerebellum
integrates movements in R & L sides of body respiration feeding sleep |
|
Cerebellum: function
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
balance
posture coordinated & refined motor movements |
|
Cerebellum: damage
[brainstem; hindbrain] |
"ataxia"
lack of balance severe tremors drunken-like movements |
|
Reticular Activating System (RAS): function
[midbrain] |
screens incoming info & relays to higher centers of brain
arousal |
|
Reticular Activating System (RAS): damage
[midbrain] |
disrupts normal sleep-wakefulness cyle
possible permanent coma-like sleep |
|
Thalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
"relay station" for all sensory input (EXCEPT olfaction)
|
|
Thalamus: damage
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism |
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
|
caused by thiamine deficiney as a result of alcoholism
severe anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia confabulation |
|
Hypothalamus: function
[diencephalon; forebrain] |
maintains body's internal HOMEOSTASIS
controls ANS & endocrine glands mediates basic drives regulates emotional expression |
|
Amygdala: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
controls emotional activities
mediates defensive-aggressive bheaviours attaches emotions to memories |
|
Amygdala: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
reduced aggressiveness
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - compulsive oral behaviours - hypersexuality - visual agnosia |
|
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
|
damage to amygdala
compulsive oral behaviours hypersexuality visual agnosia |
|
Hippocampus: function
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
consolidation of memory
|
|
Hippocampus: damage
[limbic sys; telencephalon; forebrain] |
inability to form new memories
|
|
Frontal lobe: function
[cerebral cortex] |
emotion & personality
planning decision making |
|
Cerebral cortex makes _____ % of the brain's total weight
|
80%
|
|
Frontal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
changes in personality
loss of a sense of "self" inability to carry out plans |
|
Parietal lobe: function
[cerbral cortex] |
somatosensory cortex
pain pressure heat cold |
|
Parietal lobe: damage
[cerbral cortex] |
impairments in:
spatial orientation touch facial recognition * can cause Gerstmann syndrome |
|
Temporal: function
[cerbral cortex] |
auditory perception
|
|
Occipital: function
[cerbral cortex] |
visual perception
|
|
limbic system is primary associated with ___________
|
emotion
|
|
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
|
frontal
parietal temporal occipital |
|
Basal Ganglia: function
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
planning
organizing voluntary movement regulating motor actions |
|
Basal Ganglia: associated disorders
[telencephalon; forebrain] |
Parkinson's
Tourette's Mania Depression OCD Psychosis |
|
hemispheric specialization
|
LEFT (dominant)
verbal activities analytical, logical thought positive emotional states RIGHT visual-spatial activities e.g. facial recognition spatial interpretation memory for shapes negative emotions |
|
corpus callosum
|
major pathway for info travelling between hemispheres
|
|
2 branches of nervous system
|
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
|
structures of CNS
|
brain
spinal cord |
|
Autonomic Nervous System: function
|
controls internal glands/organs, including:
heart bladder stomach endocrine glands |
|
sympathetic nervous system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
active during stress & excitement
promotes energy expenditure by: inc blood sugar accelerating breathing raising blood pressure & heart rate |
|
parasympathetic nervouse system: function
[autonomic nervous sys; peripheral nervous sys] |
operates during states of relaxation
helps body conserve energy by: slowing heart rate & blood flow inhibiting glucose release constricting blood vessels |
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): location & function
|
hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle mediates circadian rhythms *involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder |
|
Broca's area: location & function
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
premotor cortex
speech production |
|
Broca's area: damage
[premotor cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
- difficulties in producing spoken & written language |
|
Prefrontal cortex: function
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
complex behaviours
emotion semory self-awareness executive functions |
|
Prefrontal cortex: damage
[frontal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
pseudodepression
pseudopsychopathy probs w/ abstract thinking, planning, decision-making perseveration |
|
apraxia
|
inability to perform skilled motor movements in absence of impaired motor functioning
|
|
anosognosia
|
inability to recognize one's own neurological sx or other disorder
|
|
Wernicke's area: location & function
[temporal lobe; cerebral cortex] |
dominant temporal lobe
comprehension of language |
|
visual agnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar objects
|
|
simultanagnosis
|
inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
|
|
prosopagnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar faces
|
|
contralateral representation
|
L side of brain controls R side of body, and vice versa
|
|
Hemispheric specialization
|
LEFT (dominant)
written & spoken language logical & analytical thinking RIGHT spatial processing creativity facial recognition |
|
"split-brain" patients
|
sever corpus callosum to control severe epilepsy
deficits in ability to verbally identify info presented to RIGHT hemisphere only. |
|
types of colour blindness
|
Trichromats
normal colour vision Dichromats lack 1 of 3 pigments usually red-green blind Monochromats no colour vision |
|
3 theories of emotion
|
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory two-factor (cognitive) theory |
|
James-Lange theory of emotion
|
emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions
e.g. you are afraid because your knees are skaking support from quadriplegics experiencing less intense emotions following injury |
|
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
|
emotional & bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously
|
|
Two-factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
|
emotion a consequence of:
1. physiological arousal 2. cognitive interpretation 3. enviornmental context support from Schachter & Singer's epinephrine study |
|
general adaptation syndrome (Selye)
|
human response to stress mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions & involves 3 stages
alarm reaction resistance (ACTH/cortisol) exhaustion |
|
gonadotropic hormones
|
estrogen (ovaries)
progesterone (ovaries) testosterone (testes) androstenedion (testes) |
|
androgens
|
testosterone
androstenedione |
|
closed-head injury
|
loss of consciousness (coma)
post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia sometimes retrograde amnesia cognitive probs if PTA > 24 hrs |
|
hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism
|
HYPER (Grave's Disease)
fast metabolism high body temp inc appetite w/ weight loss nervousness HYPO slow metabolism dec appetite w/ weight gain lethargy depression apathy |
|
Broca's Aphasia
|
"expressive, motor, and nonfluent aphasia"
slow speech w/ difficulty poor articulation omissions anomia probs repeating phrases comprehension of language OK aware of deficits frustration & depression |
|
Wernicke's Aphasia
|
"receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia"
probs understanding speech devoid of content anomia paraphasia unaware that speech is meaningless |
|
Conduction (Associative) Aphasia
|
damage to structure that connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas
anomia inability to repeat words know what they want to say, but have difficulty |
|
Global Aphasia
|
total or near-total loss of language
some automatic speech |
|
Transcortical Aphasia
|
lesion that isolates Broca's leads to:
transcortical MOTOR aphasia lesion that isolates Wernicke's leads to: transcortical SENSORY aphasia |