Endocrinology Anat

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2 types of glands

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exocrine and endocrine

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glands are made up of

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glandular tissue is from embryological epithelium

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glandular epithelium are

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specialized cells that synthesize, store and secrete chemical substances

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gland development

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upper layer: epithelium

yellow area: connective tissue

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Back 5

endocrine gland

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Back 6

exocrine gland

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exocrine glands

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release secretions into ducts that carry secretions to body surface

ex. sweat, mammary, salivary

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endocrine functions

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1. release secretions into sinusoids

2. sinusoids pass secretions to capillaries

3. circulatory system then carries the secretions to the intended target site

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sinusoid are

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large extracellular spaces

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endocrine system

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1. collection of glands and tissues of the body that secrete chemical messengers into blood and interstitial fluid

2. integrates activities of organs and organ systems throughout the body

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nervous and endocrine systems function together to maintain

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homeostasis

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neuroendocrinology

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brain regulates secretion from endocrine glands and hormones modify CNS function

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nerve cells and glands cells similarity

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1. secrete chemical messengers that act on target cells

2. electrical activity

3. secrete hormones that enter vascular system

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nervous system

produces responses that

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1. are highly specific

2. act over the short term; milliseconds to minutes

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nervous system

responses generated by neurons

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1. signals are electrical impulses conducted along axons

2. chemical messengers conduct the impulse between neurons

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endocrine system

produces responses that

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1. may affect many different tissues and organs simultaneously

2. act over long duration: minutes to days

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endocrine system

responses produced by hormones

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1. signals are chemical substances

2. released by endocrine glands

3. circulate in bloodstream throughout the body

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A hormone is a chemical messenger that:

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1. is produced by an endocrine cell or tissue

2. travels through the circulatory system to reach other tissues

3. acts upon specific target cells within the tissue

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hormone actions

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1. hormones bind to specific cellular receptors

2. presence or absence of a receptor determines the cell's response to a hormone

3. changing the # of receptors changes the cell's sensitivity to the hormone

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endocrine glands and tissues

top to bottom

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1. hypothalamus

2. pineal gland

3. pituitary gland

4. parathyroid glands

5. thyroid gland

6. thymus

7.adrenal gland

8. pancreas

9. gonads

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other endocrine system structures

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1. digestive tract

2. kidneys

3. heart

4. adipose tissue

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pituitary gland

top to bottom

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1. third ventricle

2. optic chiasm

3. infundibulum

4. anterior lobe adenohypophysis

5. posterior lober neurohypophysis

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infundibulum

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pituitary stalk

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pituitary gland is anchored to...

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floor of cranium

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why 2 different parts of the pituitary glands

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the neurohypophysis is a bud from growing brain tissue anterior lobe goes from a bud in neural tissue

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anterior pituitary hormones

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1. HgH: human growth hormone

2. TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone

3. FSH/ LH: Follicle Stimulating hormones/ Leutinizing hormone

4. Prl: Prolactin

5. ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone

6. MSH: Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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HgH

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stimulates body growth and metabolism

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thyroid stimulating hormone

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controls thyroid gland function

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Follicle Stimulating hormone/ Leutinizing hormone

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control secretion of sex hormones and production of gametes

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Prolactin

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stimulates milk production

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex

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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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stimulates melanin secretion

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posterior Pituitary hormones

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1. Vasopressin

2. oxytocin

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Vasopressin

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1. AKA Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

2. regulates concentration of urine

3. functions in the regulation of blood pressure

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oxytocin

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1. stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth

2. stimulates release of milk from mammary glands, not the actual release

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hypothalamus

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1. where vasopressin and oxytocin are made

2. goes out to the synaptic bouton to a blood vessel to be distributed by the systemic vasculature

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hypothalamic hyophyseal portal system

clockwise

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1. paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin)

2. superior hypophyseal artery

3. portal veins

4. inferior hypophyseal artery

5. posterior pituitary

6. hypophyseal veins

7. anterior pituitary

8. secondary capillary plexus

9. primary capillary plexus

10. supraoptic nucleus (vasopressin)

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hypothalamus

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1.. secretes releasing/ hypophyseotropic factors that act on cells of the anterior pituitary

2. hormones of the posterior pituitary produced in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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production of thyroid hormones

precursor

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1. follicle secrete hormone precursor called thyroglobulin into follicle called thyroglobulin in the cavity

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production of thyroid hormones

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1. When stimulated by TSH, follicle cells convert thyroglobullin to thyroid hormones thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3

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thyroid hormones dissemination

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1. follicle cells secrete T3 and T4 into connective tissue between follicles

2. hormones picked up by capillaries

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parafollicular cells

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1. follicles contain parafollicular cells

2. produce hormones called calcitonin

3. function in calcium regulation

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posterior view of

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top: thyroid

bottom: parathyroid glands

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parathyroid flands

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1. secrete parathyroid hormone

2. function in calcium regulation

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thyroid and parathyroid hormones

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1. thyroid hormones T3 and T4

2. Calcitonin

3. parathyroid hormone

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thyroid hormones

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stimulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth and development

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calcitonin

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1. decreases Ca in body fluids

2. increases Ca deposition in bone

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parathyroid hormone

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1. increases Ca in body fluids

2. decreases Ca deposition in bone

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adrenal gland

top to bottom

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1. cortex

2. medulla

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hormones of the adrenal cortex

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1. mineralocorticoids

2. glucocorticoids

3. androgens

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mineralocorticoids

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ex. aldosterone

1. increases renal absorption of Na and H2O

2. decreases renal absorption of K

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glucocorticoids

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ex. cortisol

1. stimulates protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

2. anti-flammatory

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androgens

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1. male hormones

2. stimulates libido

3. stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair

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women still need

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androgens

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Internal pancreatic structure

left to right

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1. capillaries

2. Islet

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Pancreatic Islet

top to bottom

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1. blood capillary

2. exocrine acinus

3. alpha cell

4. beta cell

5. delta cell

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alpha cell

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secrete gluagon

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beta cell

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secrete insulin

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delta cell

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secretes somatosin

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pancreatic hormones

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1. glucagon

2. insulin

3. somatostatin

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glucagon

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1. stimulates glucose synthesis

2. elevates blood glucose

3. mobilizes lipid reserves

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insulin

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1. stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis and storage

2. stimulate glucose uptake by cells

3. decreases blood glucose levels

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somatostatin

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inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin

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diabetes mellitus is... Causes...

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inability to produce or use insulin

1. elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)

2. excretion of glucose in urine

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diabetes mellitus results in

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1. vision problems

2. cardio-vascular problems

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Type 1 diabetes

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1. autoimmune disease that destroys insulin secreting cells of islets

2. marked reduction of insulin levels

3. called insulin dependent diabetes

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common age for type 1 diabetes

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5-20

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Type 2 diabetes

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1. combination of insulin-resistance and insulin secretory defects

2. target cells become less sensitive to insulin

1. non-insulin dependent diabetes

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type 2 diabetes correlates w/...

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age and obesity

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how to deal w/ type 2 diabetes

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management of diet, exercise, and weight loss

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percentages of each diabetes types

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type I: 10%

type II: 90%

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pineal gland

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1. physiological role unclear

2. secretes melatonin, regulates biological clock

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thymus gland

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1. produces T-lymphocytes

2. secretes thymic hormones; promotes proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes

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thymus gland and age

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as we age the thymus gland becomes more fatty, despite being super fatty, it is still etabolically active