Eecs Exam Review Part 2

Front 1

History of computing:

Part1: ancient history: up to 1930

Back 1

Origins of digital computers

Origins of computational methods

Early calculating machines

Jacquard Loom

George boole

Front 2

Origins of digital computers:

Back 2

Abacus is earliest computing device designed to aid numeric computation

Developed in Babylonia

Considered as finger powered pocket calculator

Front 3

Origins of computational methods:

Back 3

Algorithm

Front 4

What is algorithm?

Back 4

•A finit set of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem

Front 5

Euclidean algorithm

Back 5

Used for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers

Front 6

Seive of Eratosthenes:

Back 6

Used for finding prime numbers

Front 7

Origins of calculating machines:

Back 7

Manual or mechanical

Ex.

Slide rule used in science and engineering

Mechanical calculators

Front 8

Jacquard Loom:

Back 8

•punched cards for define complex patterns woven into textiles

•punch cards used to code computer programs

Front 9

George Boole

Back 9

•Boolean algebra

•logical foundation of digital computing circuitry

Front 10

Part II:

Back 10

Birth of the electronic computer 1930 to 1951

Front 11

Claude Shannon:

Back 11

• father of modern information age

•introduced application of boolean logic

•published mathematical theory of communication

Front 12

Von neumann Architecture:

Back 12

•stored program

•binary internal coding

•CPU-memory-I/O organization

•fetch-decode-execute instruction cycle

Front 13

Von neumann architecture:

Back 13

•earlier computers hard wired to do one task, re wired for different

•stored program computer can run different programs

•basis for modern computers

Hint 13

Front 14

Alan turing

Back 14

•Led the world war II research group to broke the code of engima machine

•the turing machine

•devised the Turing test for artificial intelligence

Front 15

The Turing machine:

Back 15

A simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability

Front 16

The Engima machine:

Back 16

•sophisticated code system in Germany

•priority fo Allies to break it

•invented in 1918

Front 17

Alan Turing and his Colossus:

Back 17

Constructed an electronic computing machine to decrypt German coded mesaages

Front 18

What is the first electronic general-purpose computer?

Back 18

ENIAC:

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

Front 19

ENIAC properties:

Back 19

•Noted for massive scale and redundant design

•using vacuum tubes

• decimal internal coding

Front 20

Why vacuum tubes are used?

Back 20

To control the flow of electrical signals

Front 21

Properties of vacuum tubes:

Back 21

•large

•generating a lot of heat

•prone to fail

Front 22

Properties of early computers:

Back 22

•slow

•tedious

•repetitious

Front 23

Part III:

Back 23

Age of the mainframes 1951 to 1970

Front 24

What happened during 1950s?

Back 24

Computers got smaller over time because of reduction in size of vacuum tube computer circuits

Front 25

Who created first compiler?why? Advantages?

Back 25

•Grace Murray Hopper

•because she was tired of writing machine code by hand

•improved programming speed and efficiency

Front 26

The most important invention of the 20th?

Back 26

The transistor( replaced vacuum tubes, which were bulky)

Front 27

Integrated circuit:

Back 27

•Allowed placement of many transistors onto a small surface

•lowered the cost and decreased space

•made computers smaller and cheaper to build

Front 28

What is the first device built with transistors?

Back 28

Zenith Royal-T “tubeless” hearing aid

Front 29

IBM/360:

Back 29

•family of computers

•established the standard for mainframes for a decade an beyond

Front 30

The program which uses punched cards:

Back 30

Fortran program

Front 31

Going to the moon:

Back 31

Apollo space program depended on computers to calculate trajectories and control guidance

Front 32

Who is Margaret Hamilton?

Back 32

•led the team who coded programming for the guidance computer

•considered a pioneer in software engineering

Front 33

Who developed first minicomputer?

Back 33

Gordon Bell

Front 34

Gordon bell:

Back 34

•brought computing to small business

•created competition for IBM

•made Boston area first silicon valley

Front 35

What does DEC stand for?

Back 35

Digital Equipment Corporation

Front 36

Properties of specialized supercomputers:

Back 36

•high performance systems used for scientific applications

•advanced special purpose designs

Front 37

The use of IBM summit supercomputer?

Back 37

Used for:

•hydrodynamic

•quantum chemistry

•molecular dynamics

•climate modelling

•financial modelling

Front 38

Part IV:

Back 38

Age of the personal computers

After 1970

Front 39

Intel 4004 microprocessor:

Back 39

•first commercially available microprocessor

•first used in a programmable calculator

•made personal computer possible

Front 40

Properties of desktop and portable computers:

Back 40

•use microprocessors

•all in one designs

•aimed at mass audience

•personal computers

•workstations

Front 41

The first kit micro computer?

Back 41

Altair 8080

Front 42

When microsoft was born?

Back 42

After bill gates and Paul Allen delivered a BASIC compiler

Front 43

First apple computer was made by who?

Back 43

Steve Wozniak And Steve Jobs

Front 44

What is the first plug and play personal computer available at retail?

Back 44

Radio shack TRS-80

Front 45

Properties of Radio shack TRS-80?

Back 45

•programmed in BASIC

•very useful and affordable

•limited commercial software

•created a cottage industry

Front 46

What is the first portable personal computer?

Back 46

Osborne I

Front 47

Properties of Osborne I:

Back 47

•came with lots of bundled

•20kilos and cheap

•5inch screen

Front 48

What is the IBM’s first personal computer?

Back 48

IBM PC

Front 49

Properties of IBM PC:

Back 49

•significant shift for IBM

•open architecture

•established a new standard

•operating system supplied by Microsoft

Front 50

The contributions of PARC?

Back 50

•ethernet networking technology

•laser printers/copiers

•object-oriented programming

•workstations Alto and Star were the first to use a window based Graphical user interface

Front 51

What is the second personal computer with GUI interface?

Back 51

Apple macIntosh

Front 52

Apple MacIntosh:

Back 52

•adapted from the work done at Xerox

•designed to be computer appliance for real people

Front 53

Advanced research projects agency network (ARPANET):

Back 53

•large area computer network

•allowed universities to share data

Front 54

What served as the as the basis for the internet?

Back 54

Communication protocols developed for ARPANET

Front 55

Memory is measured in what?

Back 55

Gigabytes

Front 56

What is the secondary storage?

Back 56

Terabytes

Soon to be petabytes

Front 57

Communication speeds measured in what?

Back 57

Megabits or gigabits per second

Front 58

Slides for part 2

Back 58

Slides for analogue and digital information

Front 59

Two main ways of representing information?

Back 59

Analog data

Digital data

Front 60

What is analog data?

Back 60

Continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents

Front 61

What is digital data?

Back 61

Discrete representation, using a finite number of digits to record the data

Front 62

Analog examples:

Back 62

Mercury thermometer

Mercury sphygmomanometer (use toxic metal)

Aneroid sphygmomanometer ( non toxic)

Front 63

Accuracy vs. Precision in thermometer:

Back 63

While the precision is infinite, the accuracy of the thermometer is dependent on manufacturing quality

Front 64

Computers are finite on infinite?

Back 64

Finite

Front 65

Information is often represented in a finite range or infinite range?

Back 65

Infinite range

Front 66

T/F:

Computers can only operate on a fixed amount of data at a time

Back 66

True

Front 67

T/F:

The amount and type of data must be know ahead of time by computers

Back 67

True

Front 68

Steps of conversion of analog to digital data?

Back 68

1-sampling(discretization): convert continuous variation to discrete snapshots

2-quantization(truncation): convert infinite range of values to a finite one

Front 69

The information can be lost in digitization?

Back 69

Yes

But any losses are completely avoidable after digitization is performed

Front 70

What is the basis of representing digital information?

Back 70

Binary digits (bit)

The symbol is b

Front 71

What values bit can hold?

Back 71

0 or 1

Front 72

What is a combined group of 8 bits?

Back 72

A byte with symbol of B

Front 73

T/F:

Computers cannot work well with analog information

Back 73

True

Front 74

Why we use binary?

Back 74

Representing only one of two states benefits cost and reliability

Front 75

Two stages of digital signals?

Back 75

High(1) and low(0)

Front 76

What happens for electronic signals when they transmit

Back 76

Both digital and analog degrade as they move down a line

Front 77

Why the voltage of the signal falcuates

Back 77

Because of the noise produced by environmental effects

Front 78

Can we completely regenerate the signal in digital if distortion is small?

Back 78

Yes we can do it and regain the original shape

Front 79

Can we completely regenerate the signal in analog if distortion is small?

Back 79

No we cannot.

Because degradation of analogue signal is permanent and we can’t understand if the distortion was not present originally

Front 80

How can we remove redundancy?

Back 80

Using mathematical algorithms that work with discrete values

Front 81

Digital representation: summary

Back 81

•Easier to process digital data

•Easier to transmit reliably

• Digital signals can be completely regenerated

•Easier storage and compression