Eastern Civ--Chapter 1: The First Humans (Prehistory-3500 Bc)

Front 1

prehistory

Back 1

the period before writing was developed

Front 2

archaeology

Back 2

the study of past societies through an analysis of the items people left behind them

Front 3

artifact

Back 3

tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items left behind by early people

Front 4

anthropology

Back 4

the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils

Front 5

fossil

Back 5

a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the earth’s crust

Front 6

hominid

Back 6

humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

Front 7

Australopithecus

Back 7

the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago

Front 8

Homo sapiens sapiens

Back 8

“wise, wise human,” a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans

Front 9

"out-of-Africa" theory

Back 9

also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia

Front 10

theory

Back 10

hypothesis or unproved assumption

Front 11

survive

Back 11

to remain alive or in existence

Front 12

Paleolithic Age

Back 12

“Old Stone Age;” used to designate the early period of human history in which humans used simple stone tools

Front 13

systematic agriculture

Back 13

the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis

Front 14

domestication

Back 14

adaption for human use

Front 15

artisan

Back 15

a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry

Front 16

culture

Back 16

the way of life a people follows

Front 17

civilization

Back 17

a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art

Front 18

monarch

Back 18

a king or queen who rules a kingdom by organizing armies to protect their populations and making laws to regulate subjects’ lives

Front 19

priest

Back 19

in early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing the gods and goddesses

Front 20

revolution

Back 20

a sudden, complete change; an overthrow of government

Front 21

role

Back 21

a socially expected behavior pattern

Front 22

Neolithic Revolution

Back 22

“New Stone;” occurred after the end of the last Ice Age (c. 8000 BC), considered the shift from the hunting of animals and the gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis

Front 23

Mesoamericans

Back 23

inhabitants of present-day Mexico and Central America

Front 24

Çatalhüyük

Back 24

farming village located in modern-day Turkey; very large community covering 32 acres (probably had about 6000 inhabitants)

Front 25

Bronze Age

Back 25

widespread use of bronze (c. 3000 BC to 1200 BC)

Front 26

Iron Age

Back 26

followed the Bronze Age—after about 1000 BC, the use of iron tools and weapons became common