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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the infections that a male can get?` (6) |
1. balanitis 2. posthitis 2. balanoposthitis 4. orchitis 5. epididymitis 6. prostatitis |
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define balantitis and balanopsothitis |
acute inflammation of the foreskin (posthitis) or glans (balanitis) or both (balanoposthitis) |
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what is the cause of balantitis and balanoposthitis? |
1. common = pyogenic bactoeria (E. coli, stapylococcus and streptococcus) 2. occasionally = candida |
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what are the clinical features of balantitis and balanoposthitis? |
1. pain and swelling of inflammed area 2. possibly phimosis due to scarring |
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define orchitis and epididymitis |
inflammation of testes inflammation of epididymis |
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what is the cause of acute ochitis acute epididymitis chronic orchitis and epididymitis |
acute orchitis from mumps acute epididymtiis from gonorrhea and ecoli chronic from syphilis or TB |
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what are the clinical features of orchitis epidiymitis |
1. very painful swelling or testes or epididymis 2. secondary hydrocoele 3. consitutional effects (fever, headaches etc) |
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define prostatitis |
inflammatioon of the prostate Either acute or chronic |
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what is the cause of prostatitis |
1. Gonococci 2. E coli 3. Strep faecalis 4. TB |
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what are the clinical features of acute prostatitis |
1. found in young males 2. fever and chills 3. dysuria 4. tense or boggy prostate 5. low back pain 6. perineal or testicular discomfort 7. microscopic pyuria or haematuria |
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what are the clinical features of chronic prostatitis |
1. less well define 2. range from no symtpoms to normal prostate or slightly tender prostate on examination 3. may mimic benign hyperplasia 4. could lead to dysfunction, scarring or obstruction |
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what are the infections and inflammations that women can get? |
1. vulvovaginitis 2. cervicitis 3. pelvic infections 4. acute mastisis 5. chronic mastitis |
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define vulvovagnitis |
infections or inflammatory disorders which can affect the vaginal mucosa and possibly vulva. They are characterisd by vaginal discharge |
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what is the cause of vulvovagnitis? what does cause of vulvovagnitis vary with |
varies with age. might be sexually or non sexually transmitted and migt not be infectious at all yeast = candida (common) - no sexual transmission bacteria = chlamydia, neisseiria gonorrhoea (STD) also gardnerella vaginalis (common) no sexual transmission protozoa = trichomonas vaginalis (common) viruses= HPV (common non infective - radiation - tumours - drugs - foreign bodies |
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what are the predisposing factors for vulvovagnialis (8) |
1. frequent douching (esp with chemicals) 2. deoderant, laundtry soaps, fabric softeners 3. bath additives 4. tight, non porous underwear 5. poor hygiene 6. sensitivity to diaphragm, condoms, spermicide 7. antibiotics 8. diabetes |
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what are the cliical features of vulvovagnitis |
1. vaginal discharge 2. pruitits, irritation or pain from tricomonas and candida 3. odour (fishy in gardnerella) |
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the following agent is responsible for what kind of discharge candida trichomonas gardnerella chlamydia gonorrhoea |
candida = white and cheesy trichomonas = yellow-green and frothy gardnerella = grey-white chlamydia = varies gonorrhoea = yellow |
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how is gardnerella diagnosed? |
1. pH of discharge is >4.5 2. microscopic examination shows cells coated in bacteria |
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how is candida digansoed? |
1. microscopic examination shows yeast 2. gram stained smeat |
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how is trichomonas diagnosed |
1. vaginal eruthema with forms strawberry appearance 2. microscopin examination shows motile, flat , flagellated parasities (protozoa) 3. commonly diagnosed on pap smear |
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how is herpes simplex diagnosed |
1. Tzanck test reveals multimucleated giant cells |
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how are genital warts diagnosed |
1. appearance 2. HPV demonstrated with a pap smear |
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how is gonorrhoea diagnosed |
1. microscopic examination shows gram stain smear of discharge with has many leukocytes and gonoccoci 2. gonoccoci can be demonstrated with culutre 3. geneti probes for gonoccocal DNA |
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how is chlamydia diagnosed |
1. Gram stain of cervical discharge with many leukocytes but no gonoccoci |
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how can mycoplasma and ureaplasma be diagnosed |
1. cant be detected in cervical secretions 2. by exlusion of gonorrhoea and chlamydia |
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how can sypholis be diagnosed |
1. serological tests |
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define cerivicitis |
inflmaaton of the cervix |
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what is the cause of cervicitis |
1. infections STDS!!! 2. trauma during cidbirth 3. instrumentation |
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what is the pathology of cervicitis |
1. signs of inflammaton 2. ulceration and laceration 3. if unresolvved may lead to chronic cervititis which leads to scarring, fibrosis, deformation and obstruction and infertillitu. c 4. chronic cervicitis may case metaplasia or dysplasia |
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what are the clinical features of cervicitis |
range from none to discharge from viagina to infertility ending in dysplasia and carcinoma |
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how is cervicitis diagnosed |
1. inflammed cervix 2. evidence of causative agent |
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define pelvic infection |
infections affecting genital organs and adjacent tissue (broad ligament, blood vessels, lymphatics, uterine tube) above the level of the cervix |
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what is the cause of acute pelvic infection i) when sexually trasmitted ii) when following childbirth, miscarriage, abortion |
i) chlamydia trichomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea or other bacteria ii) bowel and skin flora - E coli - anaerobic strep - clostridium welchii |
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how do the bowel and skin flora microbes cause pelvic infection |
invade necrotic placental fragment or blood clot --> spread through myometrium --> cellulitis or paramitis and may involve fallopian tube (so called acute post partum or post abortal salpingiitis) |
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what is te cause of chronic pelvic infection |
1. follow acute salpingitis 2. associated with TB or foreign body |
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what is the pathology of acute pelvic infection |
1. initially: infectis mucous secreting area of endocervix, somethimes urethra or bartholins glands 2. spreads: from cervic via endometrium to tubal lining then may escape throughostia or spread through eall --> peritonitis |
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what is the sequelae of acute pelvic infection |
1. resolution 2. pyosalpinx 3. hydrosalpinx 4. fibrosis |
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what is the pathology of chronic pelvic infection |
1. original bacteria gone 2. leave behind sterile pus or mixed growth of secondary contaminants |
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what are the clinical feature of acute pelvic infection |
1. pain in iliac fossa 2. fever, malaise, lassitude 3. malodoruous discharge 4. lower ab peritonitis 5. often asymptomatic |
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what are the clinical feautes of chronic pelvic infection |
1. lower abdominal and pelvic pain referring to back 2. NO DISCHARGE 3. irritability, depression, anorexia, loss of libido |
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how do you diagnose pelvic infections MAJOR AND MINPR |
MAJOR 1. lower ab tenderness 2. unilateral or bilartera adnexal (ovary + tube) tenderness and 3. cervical motion tenderness MINDOR 1. elevated temp 2. discharge elevated ESR and Creactive protein (non specific inflammation markers) 3. leukocytosis 4. deomnsatration of N. gonorrhoea, C. trachomatis |
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to diagnose PI, how many mahor/minor signs must be found |
all three major and at least 1 minor |
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define acute mastitis |
acute inflammation of the breast |
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what is the cause of acute mastitis |
1. mastitis of the newborn 2. mastitis of puberity 3. mastitis of mumps 4. trauma (brace chafing) 5. ACUTE BACTERIAL AND ACUTE MAMARY ABSCESS 6. first month after childbirth |
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what is the pathology of acute mastitis |
1. stah aureus invades via nipple abraision --> circumareolar abscess 2. through milk duct --> deep intra mammary infection 3. starts as a cellulitis which localises into an abscess after several days |
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what are the clinical features of acute mastitis |
1. breast pain and tenderness 2. hot breast 3. breast swellng 4. fever 5. mass palpated if abscess formation has occurred |
