Developmental Psychology Final Exam

Front 1

Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they

Back 1

provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people

Front 2

The field of developmental science is considered to be __________ because investigators often are interested in the practical implications of their research.

Back 2

applied

Front 3

At birth, the brain is

Back 3

nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.

Front 4

Swaddling newborns

Back 4

reduces crying.

Front 5

When baby Brad gazes at his mother, she smiles at him, and then Brad gazes and smiles, too. This contingent responsiveness is an example of

Back 5

operant conditioning

Front 6

Infants and toddlers grow

Back 6

in little spurts.

Front 7

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called

Back 7

lateralization

Front 8

The _______ reflex permits feeding.

Back 8

sucking

Front 9

Of all motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

Back 9

voluntary reaching

Front 10

Which of the following is true about infantile amnesia?

Back 10

Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.

Front 11

Preterm infants

Back 11

are those born several weeks or more before their due date.

Front 12

Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master

Back 12

object permanence.

Front 13

Which of the following is true about make-believe play?

Back 13

Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture

Front 14

Human adults have especially elaborate ___________, which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.

Back 14

mirror neurons

Front 15

Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of

Back 15

emotional contagion.

Front 16

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

Back 16

think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.

Front 17

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ____________ in development.

Back 17

nurture

Front 18

With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.

Back 18

novelty; sustained attention

Front 19

Information-processing researchers focus on

Back 19

many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.

Front 20

Core knowledge theorists assume that

Back 20

nfants start out life with a set of prewired understandings

Front 21

Younger students who divide information, values, and authority into right and wrong or good and bad engage in

Back 21

dualistic thinking.

Front 22

Fifth and sixth graders describe _________ as the most influential people in their lives.

Back 22

parents

Front 23

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

Back 23

industry versus inferiority.

Front 24

To test for ________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.

Back 24

seriation

Front 25

School-age children use frequent _________ in their self-descriptions

Back 25

social comparisons

Front 26

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned

Back 26

popular; neglected

Front 27

The most common psychological problem of adolescence is

Back 27

depression.

Front 28

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

Back 28

pubic hair

Front 29

Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ___________ health delay it.

Back 29

emotional; physical

Front 30

According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, _____________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences

Back 30

the social environment

Front 31

Many homosexual adolescents and adults move through a three-phase sequence in coming out to themselves and others. Those three phases are

Back 31

feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance.

Front 32

Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development,

Back 32

most people never move beyond Stage 4.

Front 33

Regular physical activity is linked to

Back 33

reduced incidence of cancer

Front 34

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development

Back 34

no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.

Front 35

Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?

Back 35

alcohol

Front 36

Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who

Back 36

match their own level of biological maturity

Front 37

On average, girls reach puberty

Back 37

2 years earlier than boys.

Front 38

In making decisions, adolescents, more often than adults,

Back 38

fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments.

Front 39

Biological aging

Back 39

is under way in early adulthood.

Front 40

According to Labouvie-Vief, adulthood involves moving from _______________ thought.

Back 40

hypothetical to pragmatic

Front 41

Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on

Back 41

how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

Front 42

Emotional self-regulation refers to

Back 42

the strategies children use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.

Front 43

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

Back 43

separation anxiety.

Front 44

Some basic emotions are happiness, fear, sadness, and

Back 44

disgust.

Front 45

___________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Back 45

Temperament

Front 46

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called

Back 46

animistic thinking.

Front 47

The practical, social side of language is called

Back 47

pragmatics.

Front 48

Metacognition involves

Back 48

thinking about thought.

Front 49

Piaget called children's self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.

Back 49

egocentric

Front 50

____________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Back 50

Conservation

Front 51

With __________________, a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients, to which sperm are added.

Back 51

in vitro fertilization

Front 52

The Human Genome Project is an ambitious international research program aimed at

Back 52

deciphering the chemical makeup of human genetic material.

Front 53

Down syndrome most commonly results from

Back 53

a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Front 54

During the decade of the twenties, there is a sharp rise in the extent to which people feel they

Back 54

are personally in control of the events in their lives.

Front 55

In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.

Back 55

commitment

Front 56

The leading cause of unintentional injury to children in the United States is

Back 56

motor vehicle accidents.

Front 57

During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve

Back 57

simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.

Front 58

________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

Back 58

Reactive; relational

Front 59

The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.

Back 59

authoritative

Front 60

Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?

Back 60

Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer.