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45 Cards in this Set
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statistical study of human populations |
Demography |
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Reflects population diversity & evaluation population, growth, movement |
Demography |
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Study of population trends |
Demography |
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essential component of epidemiology & public health |
Demography |
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3 sets of data |
1. Consists of vital indexes 2. Measures of population diversity 3. Socioeconomic indicators |
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birth and death rate |
Vital indexes |
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density, rural, urban, suburban residential patterns and migrations |
Measures of population |
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Income, occupation and education attainment |
Socioeconomic indicators |
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distribution & determinants of health & disease, morbidity, injuries, disability and mortality in populations |
Epidemiology |
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Studies when or where disease occur and how they are transmitted in a population |
Epidemiology |
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are applied to the control of health problems in populations rather than individuals |
Epidemiology |
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3 types of investigations |
1. Descriptive Epidemiology 2. Analytical Epidemiology 3. Experimental Epidemiology |
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Collecting all data that describes the occurance of the disease |
Descriptive Epidemiology |
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relevant information for descriptive includes? |
-Info about the affected indiv (age,sex, race/ethnicity) -the place and period of the disease occurrence |
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looking backward after the episode has ended. Backtracts the cause and source of the disease |
Retrospective |
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analyzes particular disease to determine its probable cause |
Analytical Epidemiology |
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2 ways it can be done (analytical) |
Case control Method Cohort Method |
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the epidemiologist looks for factors that might have led to the disease. A group of people who have the disease is compared witanother group who are free of the disease. All the possible factors are assessed and compared to determine the probable cause. |
Case Control Method |
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the epidemiologist studies two populations: one that had contact with the etiologic agent and the other that has not – both groups are called cohort groups. |
Cohort Method |
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Begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease, experiments to test the hypothesis are the conducted with a group of people. |
Experimental Epidemiology |
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This type of investigation uses controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses. |
Experimental Epidemiology |
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Any disease that spreads from one person (host) to another, either directly or indirectly |
Communicable Disease |
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Reporting of cases of communicable disease is important in the planning and evaluation of disease prevention and control programs, in the assurance of appropriate medical therapy, and in the_________ |
Detection of common source outbreaks |
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has caused acute, infectious, and communicable diseases to give way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death in more developed countries. |
The successful application of immunization, nutrition, sanitation, and epidemiological principles |
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Unfortunately, in developing countries, communicable diseases are still a __________________________ |
major cause of suffering, disability, and death |
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4 most important communicable disease in the philippines monitored by the DOH: |
tuberculosis HIV/AIDS, dengue fever and pneumonia |
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Epidemic prone communicable disease: |
Measles Cholera Typhoid Salmonellosis Shigellosis Leptospirosis. |
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The World Health Organization (WHO) and the DOH employ the following strategies for the prevention and control of communicable diseases: |
1. Immunization 2. Mass drug distribution(chemoprophylaxis/chemotherapy) 3. Food safety. 4. Safe water and sanitation 5. Injection safety and sterilization 6. Blood safety 7. Vector control |
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data about the events that mark a life |
Vital Statistics |
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helpful in estimating the extent of needs & problems |
Vital Statistics |
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
Number of live births/ midyear population x 1000 |
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Crude Death Rate (CDR) |
Number of deaths from all causes/midyear population x1000 |
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Cause-specific Death Rate (CSDR) |
Number of deaths from a specific condition in a given year/ midyear population x100,000 |
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Age-Specific Rate |
Number of deaths for a specified age group in a given year/ population estimated at mid-year for the specified age group x 1000 |
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Case Fatality Rate (CFR) |
x 1000 |
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Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) |
Number of deaths due to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in a given year/ number of live births x 100,000 |
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) |
Number of deaths under 1 year of age in a given year/ number of live births x 1000 |
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Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) |
Number of deaths under 28 days of age in a given year/ number of live births x 1000 |
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Fetal Mortality Rate (FMR) |
Number of fetal deaths at 20 weeks gestation (or more) in a given year/ number of live births + fetal deaths x 1000 |
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Swaroop's Index |
Number of deaths 50 years of age and over in a year/total death x 1000 |
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Incidence Rate (IR) |
Number of new cases of a specified disease occurring in a given period of time/ population at risk at the same period of time X factor ( 100,1000, 10,00 etc) |
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Prevalence Rate |
Number of old and new cases of a specified ·disease existing at a point in time/ total population at risk in a point of time |
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General Marriage Rate |
Number of marriages in a given year/ number of persons 15 years of age and over in the population in the same year x 1000 |
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General Divorce Rate |
Number of divorces during in a given year/ number of persons 15 years of age and over in the population in the same year x 1000 |
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Dependency Ratio |
Persons under 20 years of age and persons 65 years and over/ total population ages 20 - 64 x 1000 |
