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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outline the cell theory
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-living organism are composed of cells
-cells are the smallest unit of life -cells come from pre-existing cells |
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What functions of life do unicellular organisms carry out?
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All of them, including metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction and nutrition
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Explain importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size
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-as the organism gets bigger its surface area : volume ratio decreases
-as the cell gets bigger the ratio decreases -if the ratio decreases the rate of exchange decreases |
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What are stem cells?
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Cells that retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathway
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Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells
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Treatment of lymphoma
-in treatment of lymphoma, bone marrow is destroyed -stem cells harvested from bone marrow and stored -stem cells used to replace damaged bone marrow (produce blood cell) |
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Name the structures of a prokaryotic cell and their functions
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Cell wall - protect cell
Plasma membrane - control entry and exit of substance Pili - attachment, DNA transfer Flagella - movement Ribosome - proteins synthesis Cytoplasm - contains enzymes for metabolism Nucleoid - contains naked DNA |
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How do prokaryotic cells divide?
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They divide by binary fission
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Name the structures of an animal cell and their functions
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rER - protein synthesis and packaging into vesicles
Lysosome - contain digestive enzymes Golgi apparatus - modification of proteins prior to secretion Mitochondria - location of aerobic respiration Nucleus - contains genetic information (chromosomes) |
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State three difference between plant and animals cells
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Cell wall in plants - None in animals
Chloroplast in plants - none in animals Plants have fixed shape -animals are able to change shape |
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Name two extracellular components
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-Cell wall in plant cells
-Glycoproteins in animal cells |
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Outline the role of cell wall
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-maintains cell shape
-prevents excessive water uptake -holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity |
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Outline the role of glycoproteins
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-form extracellular matrix
-add support, adhesion and movement |
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Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
-naked DNA vs DNA with proteins -DNA in cytoplasm vs DNA in nucleus -no mitochondria vs mitochondria -70s vs 80s ribosomes |
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How is the structure of cell membranes maintained?
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-hydrophilic heads
-hydrophobic tails -form phospholipid bilayer -stable but can move around -cholesterol helps stability |
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What are the stages in the cell cycle?
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-Interphase (G1, S, G2)
-Mitosis -Cytokinesis |
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What is the result of uncontrolled cell division?
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Tumours (cancer)
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What happens during interphase?
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G1 - cells carry out their differentiated functions and more organelles are produces
S - DNA replicates, producing a copy of each chromosome G2 - cells prepare for mitosis |
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What happens during prophase?
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-Chromosomes become shorter and fatter by supercoiling
-Spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator |
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What happens during metaphase?
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Spindle microtubules attach to each centromere on opposite sides
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What happens during anaphase?
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Spindle microtubules pull the identical chromosomes to opposites poles
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What happens during telophase?
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-Chromosomes have reached the poles and nuclear membrane form around them
-Spindle microtubules break down -Chromosomes uncoil |
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What happens during cytokinesis?
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The cell's cytoplasm divides to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei
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What processes involve mitosis?
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-Cell growth
-Embryonic development -Tissue repair -Asexual reproduction |
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What happens during anaphase?
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Spindle microtubules pull the identical chromosomes to opposites poles
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What happens during telophase?
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-Chromosomes have reached the poles and nuclear membrane form around them
-Spindle microtubules break down -Chromosomes uncoil |
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What happens during cytokinesis?
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The cell's cytoplasm divides to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei
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What processes involve mitosis?
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-Cell growth
-Embryonic development -Tissue repair -Asexual reproduction |
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Identify the phase of mitosis
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Prophase
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Identify the phase of mitosis
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Metaphase
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Identify the phase of mitosis
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Anaphase
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Identify the phase of mitosis
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Telophase
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Identify the cell
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Eukaryotic cell - bacterium
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Identify the cell
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Prokaryotic - animal cell
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Identify the cell
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Prokaryotic - plant cell
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