Deep Back And Suboccipital Muscles

Front 1

What are the deep back muscles? I'd like to know the groups and each individual muscle in the groups

Back 1

Erector Spinae Group: Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis
From lateral to medial use alphabetical order: ILS
Transversospinalis: Rotatores, Multifidus, Semispinalis

Front 2

What type of muscles are deep back muscles and what is their innervation?

Back 2

Epaxial muscles innervated by dorsal rami

Front 3

3rd layer of Extrinsic Deep Back Muscles: which two are there?

Back 3

Serratus Posterior Superior and Serratus Posterior Anterior

Front 4

Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle

Back 4

PA - Nuchal Ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3
DA - superior border of ribs 2-4

Action-elevates ribs: this occurs during inspiration

BS- posterior intercostal arteries
Innervation: VENTRAL RAMI OF Intercostal nerves of T2-T5

Front 5

Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle

Back 5

PA: Spinous Processes of T11-L2 vertebrae
DA: Inferior border of ribs 8-12 (near rib angles)

Action: depress ribs: this action occurs when you expire air (exhale)

BS: Posterior Intercostal Arteries
Innervation: Ventral Rami of T9-T11 intercostal nerves and of subcostal nerve T12

Front 6

Superficial Layer of Intrinsic Back Muscles: which muscles?

Back 6

Erector Spinae Muscles, Splenius cervicis, and Splenius Capitis

Capitis is medial to cervicis and bigger as well

Front 7

Splenius Cervicis Muscle

Back 7

Origin: Nuchal ligament and spinous process T1-T6
Insertion: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

Action: bilaterally will extend the head and neck and unilaterally will laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of contraction

BS: Muscular branches of aorta and transverse cervical artery and occipital artery

innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves

Front 8

Splenius Capitis Muscle

Back 8

Origin: Nuchal ligaments and spinous processes T1-6
Insertion: Lateral parts of mastoid process and superior nuchal line

Action: bilaterally will extend head and neck and unilaterally will laterally flex neck and rotate head to the side of the contracting muscle

BS: muscular branches of aorta, transverse cervical artery, and occipital artery
Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 9

Iliocostalis Muscle

Back 9

Most lateral portion of Erector Spinae Group

Origin: broad common tendon attaching to illiac crest, posterior aspect of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament

Insertions: don't need to know but:
lumborum: ribs 6-12 thoracis: ribs 1-6 cervicis: ribs 1-6 and posterior tubercles of Transverse Process of cervical vertebra C4-C6

Action: Bilaterally will extend vertebral column and head and unilaterally will laterally flex the vertebral column to the side of the contracting muscle

BS: posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves

Front 10

Longissimus Muscle

Back 10

Origin of thoracis: broad common tendon attaching to illiac crest, posterior aspect of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament
Origin of Cervicis: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C1-C6
Origin of Capitis: same as cervicis

Insertion for thoracis: ribs 2-12 and adjacent TP of thoracic vertebrae
Insertion for cervicis: TP of C2-C6
Insertion for capitis; mastoid processes
Action: Bilaterally will extend vertebral column and head and unilaterally will laterally flex the vertebral column to the side of the contracting muscle

BS to longissimus thoracis and cervicis: posterior intercostal arteries
BS to longissimus capitis: occipital artery

Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves

Front 11

Spinalis Muscle

Back 11

Origin of thoacis: spinous processes
Insertion: inserts on spinous processes superior to them

Cervicis and Capitis: too difficult to ID

BS: posterior intercostal arteries
Innervation: Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves

Front 12

Deep Layer of Intrinsic Muscles of the back

Back 12

Transversospinalis Muscle Group: Semispinalis, rotatories, multifidus

All innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 13

Semispinalis Muscle

Back 13

Cervicis: Cervical transverse processes to spinous processes of 2nd cervical vertebra
BS: Deep cervical artery

Capitis:superficial to cervicis
Comes from transverse processes of T1-T6 vertebra inserting into the nuchal line
BS: deep cervical artery

thoracis
Comes from transverse to inserting into spinous processes in the thoracic region
BS: posterior intercostal arteries

Action: extend head, thoracic & cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally

Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves

Front 14

Semispinalis Capitis

Back 14

Semispinalis capitis is just deep to splenus capitis

Front 15

Multifida Muscle

Back 15

Covers lamina and spans segments from the sacrum up until C2
Origin: Transverse processes
Inserts: inferior aspect of spinous process of the superior vertebra
We will only look at this in the lumber region

Action: stabilizes vertebrae during localized movement

BS: posterior lumbar arteries
Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerve

Front 16

Rotatores Muscle (brevis and longus)

Back 16

Brevis Origin: transverse process of one vertebra
Brevis Insertion: the base of spinous process on the vertebra superior to it.

Longus Origin: Transerve processes of one vertebra
Longus Insertion: Spinous process on the 2nd vertebrate superior (spans two intervertebral joints)

Action: extend head, thoracic, and cervical region; rotates them contralaterally

BS: posterior intercostal nerves
Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerve

Front 17

interspinales muscle

Back 17

Origin: spinal process and Inserts: to spinal process above it
Innervation: dorsal rami

Action: muscle fiber component running with ligament: support

BS: vertebral artery, occipital artery, posterior intercostal artery
Innervation: Dorsal Rami of spinal Nerves

Front 18

Intertransversari Muscle

Back 18

Origin: transverse process and Inserts: to the transverse process above it

Blood supply: deep cervical artery, vertebral artery, posterior intercostal artery
Innervation: dorsal and VENTRAL RAMI of spinal nerves

Front 19

Levator Costarum Muscle

Back 19

Origin : transverse process to
Insertion: the rib inferior to it

Action: elevate ribs

BS: posterior intercostal artery
Innervation: dorsal rami C8-T11 spinal nerves

Front 20

Suboccipital Triangle

Back 20

Made up of the Atlas and Axis and the muscles shown in the picture

Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 21

Atlantooccipital joint and it's ligament

Back 21

The joint that occurs between the occipital region and atlas

Is lined by the tectorial membrane at the location where the posterior longitudinal ligament crosses the atlas (the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes the tectorial membrane)

Front 22

Cruciate Ligament

Back 22

Ligament that is just deep to the tectorial membrane
Made up of three bands:
Superior longitudinal band: goes up and down from the external occipital protuberance over the posterior most medial aspect of the atlantooccipital joint
Transverse Ligament of atlas: goes over the atlantooccipital joint horizontally from left and right transverse process areas of the altantooccipital joints.
Inferior longitudinal band: runs from the longitudinally atlantooccipital joint to the body of C2

Front 23

Alar ligament

Back 23

The deepest ligament
Ligament that is deep to the Cruciate Ligaments
Alar ligament runs from the lateral aspect of the dens to the lateral aspects of the foramen magnum

Front 24

Transverse LIgament of Atlas

Back 24

Runs transversely spanning the dens of the atlas transversely/horizontally

(can be seen in the median altantoaxial joint)

Front 25

Suboccipital Region Muscles: what are they and what do they do/provide?

Back 25

Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis superior (superior oblique capitis)
Obliquus capitis inferior (inferior oblique capitis)

These are mainly postural muscles
They can aid in extension and rotation at the altantoaxial joint

BS: Vertebral artery and/or Occipital Artery
Innervation: All innervated by dorsal rami of C1 (very first spinal nerve between occipital bone and atlas(c1))

Front 26

Suboccipital Region Muscles: origin and attachments and innervation

Back 26

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Obliquus capitis inferior both originate from spinous process of C2
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Inserts on the lateral inferior aspect of the inferior nuchal line
Obiquus capitis inferior inserts to the Transverse process of C1

Obliquus Capitis Superior originates from the transverse process of C1 and inserts to the external occipital protuberance

Rectus capitis posterior minor originates from the posterior tubercle of atlas C1 and inserts into inferior nuchal line

All of these muscles are innervated by the Dorsal Ramus of C1
BS: Vertebral artery and/or Occipital Artery

Front 27

Contents of Suboccipital Triangle

Back 27

Suboccipital nerve and Occipital Artery

Front 28

Nerves and Vessels in the Suboccipital Region

Back 28

Vertebral Artery

Suboccipital Nerve-dorsal ramus of C1, between skull and atlas, motor innervation to all of the triangle muscles

Greater occipital nerve-Dorsal Ramus of C2 between the atlas and axis-ONLY sensory fibers

Front 29

Occipital Neuralgia: what is it and how is it caused?

Back 29

This is the irritation of greater occipital nerve (dorsal rami C2) and lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2)

Symptoms: neck pain that radiates upwards and around the sides of the head following the C2 dermatome

Front 30

Posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane

Back 30

Posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane: the membrane that is continous with ligamentum flava

Front 31

Cervical Trauma and Dislocations

Back 31

Cervical Vertebra are less interlocked and therefore can be dislocated the easiest (more prone to dislocation)

This can cause trauma to spinal cord and can present with spondoloythesis, with or without spondolysis

Front 32

Cervical Trauma of C1: burst fractures

Back 32

Jefferson Fracture/Burst Fracture: the lateral masses of C1 are compressed between occipital condyles and C2 which causes fractures on the anterior and/or posterior arches of C1.

Could also rupture transverse ligament of C1

Causes: Forceful compression of C1 (diving accidents, roll over car accidents, trauma compressing C1 downwards)

Front 33

Fracture/Dislocation of C2: Hangman's Fracture: what is it?

Back 33

Fracture of the vertebral arch which is the fracture of the pars interarticularis (this is traumatic spondylolysis of C2

Caused by hyperextension of neck: hanging someone, severe cases of acceleration/deceleration syndome

Front 34

Cervical Trauma of Dens of C2

Back 34

Fracture occurs at the base of the Dens
This fracture could also occur along the body of the axis just anteriorly to the dens

Cause: horizontal blows to the head

Front 35

Soft Tissue Injury: Cervical Trauma

Back 35

Acceleration/deceleration syndrome can cause this: forward and backward head snapping (rear ended collisions), Whiplashes can cause this

Damage to soft tissue, ligaments running along the vertebra.

This will causes inflammation

In severe cases, there may be bone fractures

Front 36

Vertebral Artery Impingement: what is it and what can cause it?

Back 36

It is the sudden or forceful twisting of hyperextension or twisting of cervical vertebral column (mostly at Atlantoaxial joint)

This will impinge the arteries there and cause dizziness, vertigo, confusion, and nystagmus (uncontrolled jittery movement of eyes)

Front 37

Bow-Hunter's Syndrome

Back 37

Cervical Vertigo, vertebral artery compression
Vertebral artery is blocked or narrowed when the head is turned.

Causes: trauma, cervical spinal column abnormalities, degenerative diseases, arterial stenosis associated with cardiovascular disease

Signs: dizziness, vertigo, confusion, nystagmus