Death & Dying

Front 1

Thantology

Back 1

The study of death, dying & bereavement.

Front 2

Sir James Frazer discovered 4 categories of major death-orign myths, they are....

Back 2

1. The 2 messengers
2. waxing and waning moon
3. serprent
4. banana tree

Front 3

Death-Origin Myth:
Describe THE 2 MESSENGERS

Back 3

-God sends 2 animal messengers to earth
-One carries a message that humans will die
-Other carries a message that humans will not die
-The first messenger is faster and the humans only receive the message of death

Front 4

Death Origin Myth:
Describe WAXING and WANING MOON

Back 4

-At one point people lived and died, only to be reborn again.
-This was an endless cycle.
-At some point humans lost this ability
-They were left only with the moon as a reminder of the ability

Front 5

Death Origin Myth:
Describe SERPENT

Back 5

-God haets snakes so he sent a messenger to earth with 2 msgs
-1 msg was that serpents will shed their skins and die
-Other msg said all humans will shed their skins in renewal and live forever
-The messenger accidentally mixed the messages, instead delivering "Snakes will live forever and humans will die."

Front 6

Death Origin Myth
Describe BANANA TREE

Back 6

-God is gracious and gives the starving people a stone to eat
- The people protest.
- God gives them a Banana
- The people gladly receive it.
- For the demands, God punishes them by dieing after they have children, just like a banana tree.

Front 7

Phillipe Arie stated 5 models of death as viewed by society, they were.....

Back 7

1. the tame death
2. death of self.
3. remote & imminent
4. death of other
5. invisible death

Front 8

Explain The Tame Death

Back 8

-Death is evil & uncontrollable
-Individual is connected to society so when someone dies, society is weakened.
-Afterlife is either spent in blissful sleep or spent haunting the living
-Lots of ceremonies & rituals

Front 9

Explain Death of the Self

Back 9

-Death is an evil
-Individual is discrete (independent): their death does not weaken society
-Either heaven or hell

Front 10

Explain Remote & imminent Death

Back 10

-death being portrayed in sexual/erotic terms
-fear of being buried alive
-use of the bell system in cemeteries (ring the bell if you're still alive!)
- death seen as violent, wild & passionate

Front 11

Death of Other

Back 11

-19th century philosophy
-Individuals a part of families, not totally discrete but not completely interwoven with society
-Deathbed was romantic
-Death no longer feared, it meant leaving earth to be with your loved one

Front 12

The Invisible Death

Back 12

-Death like the 'elephant in the room'
-death represented failure of medical science in a time of obsession with its success
- Image of death at the bed was replaced with a sanitized image of death on a hospital cart
- Fear of dying in a hospital with many machines hooked up to you

Front 13

Palliative Care, and who coined it?

Back 13

Coined by Dr Balfour

It is the practice of ensuring a dying person is as comfortable and pain-free as possible when treatment options are no longer available or worth seeking.

Front 14

Hospice

Back 14

a setting dedicated to care of terminally ill (long-term) patients

Front 15

How did the palliative care movement start in Canada?

Back 15

in 1974 with the formation of specialized units within hospitals

Front 16

6 goals of thantology

Back 16

Personal enrichment (empower yourself with knowledge)

Future plans (able to plan your death and death of others)

Participation in society (making laws and policies with death in mind)

professional training (aids in doing work that needs this knowledge)

communication (makes it easier to discuss/less taboo)

understanding berevement (easier to address/identify grieving)

Front 17

attitude

Back 17

belief or feeling that gives us the tendency to respond in particular ways to particular things

Front 18

death anxiety

Back 18

a fear of death

Front 19

Euphemism

Back 19

Word substituted for another word but has the same meaning or function (i.e. death - passed away)

Front 20

Three types of thantology practice

Back 20

Micro (clinical practice focusing on one-on-one meetings)

Mezzo (focus on small local groups)

Macro (focusing on larger systems like organizations)
Macro

Front 21

Glaser & Strauss' 4 types of death awareness

Back 21

1. closed awareness (no one speaks about it)

2. suspected awareness (dying suspects their pending death)

3. mutual pretense (everyone knows it, but there is minimal discussion)

4. open awareness (everyone talks openly about it)

Front 22

3 types of death awareness

Back 22

Expected (terminally-ill patiennt, old age, etc.)

Badly timed (teenager dying in car accident before graduation)

Social death (mentally ill, vegetative state, etc.)

Front 23

Culture

Back 23

unified set of beliefs, ideas and values

Front 24

Cultural sensitivity: 2 principles

Back 24

1. treat the dying & their family with respect

2. Listen nonjudgementally to family and individual

Front 25

Liminality

Who Coined it?

Back 25

state of being in transition from one state or identity to another (i.e. earth to heaven, wife to widower, etc.)

Arnold Van Gennep

Front 26

4 common goals of end-of-life rituals

Back 26

1. Acknowledge death of person

2. physically remove the body

3. mourn and celebrate the individual

4. support the bereved to reinvest in the business of the living

Front 27

These people believe they are the CHOSEN PEOPLE selected to receive the teachings of the Torah

Back 27

The Jews

Front 28

The religious leader in Judaism are called a __________

Back 28

Rabbi

Front 29

The largest religion today is ________

Back 29

Christianity

Front 30

20% of the worlds population follow this faith

Back 30

Islam

Front 31

The main prophet of Islam

Back 31

Muhammed

Front 32

Muhammads teachings are recorded in the holy book of which religion??

What is this book called?

Back 32

Islam

Koran

Front 33

what are the 2 branches of Islam?

Back 33

Shi'i

and

Sunni

Front 34

This religion originates in India

Back 34

Hinduism

Front 35

What body of philospohy & understanding is Hinduism based on?

Back 35

Yoga

Front 36

In Hinduism, God is called ____

Back 36

Brahman

Front 37

Which religion is this?

If enlightenment is not reached by death, the person will be reincarnated based on their karma

Back 37

Hinduism

Front 38

What are the 4 noble traits of Buddhism

Back 38

1. life consits of suffering

2. suffering in life is caused by the illusion of this life & material objects

3. suffering CAN be eliminated

4. the prescription for eliminating suffering is through the eightfold path

Front 39

What are the 2 branches of Buddhism

Back 39

Theravada

Mahayana

Front 40

What is NIRVANA

What religion does it belong to?

Back 40

To become one with everything

Buddhism

Front 41

What location was Sikhism founded in

Back 41

North India

Front 42

Sikhism was founded in the ____th century

Back 42

16th century

Front 43

Sikhism is the ___th largest religion in the world (#)

Back 43

5th

Front 44

Sikhism requires you to wear 5 items of faith at all times - what are they?

Back 44

1. kesh (hair must never be cut)

2. kanga (small wooden comb)

3. kara (wear an iron link bracelet)

4. kaccha (Wear knee length shorts)

5. kirpan (have a dagger on your person)

Front 45

In this religion, the soul is free to travel through spirit worlds upon death. What is it?

Back 45

Baha'i

Front 46

In this religion' the word RELIGION is not in their vocabulary because there is no seperation between life and religion. Religion IS life - spirtuality is a part of everything. What is it?

Back 46

Native Peoples

Front 47

What are the 3 Rites of Passage

Back 47

1. R/O Seperation (seperation of dying individual from society)

2. R/O Transition (Transitionary period between death and leaving earth)

3. R/O Integration (usher the dead into the spirit world)

Front 48

KADDISH is....

And is practiced in the religion of.....

Back 48

A prayer for the Dead

Judiasm

Front 49

In this religion, the body is wrapped in a HAJJ

Back 49

Islam

Front 50

What is SUTTEE and in what religion is this practiced

Back 50

Cremating living widow with her dead husband

Hinduism

Front 51

Merit transference

Back 51

This ritual is held 7 days after burial of deceased and is led by monks with prayers to send positive energy and goodwill to the deceased for his/her next incarnation.

buddhism

Front 52

Define Minyan

What religion?

Back 52

3rd mourning period lasting one year

Judiasm

Front 53

What are Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' 5 stages of death

Back 53

Denial/isolation
Anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

Front 54

Colin Murray Parkes
Phase model

Back 54

Numbness
Searching
Depression
Recovery

Front 55

John Bowlby Attatchment Model

Back 55

Numbing
Searching
Disorganization/despair
reorganization

Front 56

Catherine Sanders
Integrative Stage Model

Back 56

Shock
awareness of loss
conservation-withdrawal
healing
renewal
fulfillment

Front 57

Rando's Model

Back 57

Recognize the loss

react to seperation

recollect and re-experience ties with loved one

leave behind these ties

readjust and readapt without forgetting

reinvest your energy into a new relationship

Front 58

Worden's 4 tasks of mourning

Back 58

accept reality of loss

work through pain of grief

adjust to a new world

reinvest energy into new life

Front 59

Rubin's 2 track Model

Back 59

Track 1:
Ability to function & live adaptively after the loss

Track 2 :
Depth & significance of connections to deceased

Front 60

Strobe's 2 parts of the DUAL PROCESS MODEL

Back 60

loss-oriented

restoration-oriented

Front 61

Freud's 5 psychosexual stages

Back 61

Oral (birth-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latent (6-11)
Genital (12+)

Front 62

Erikson's psychosocial stages

stage, and age when it would occur

Back 62

trust v. mistrust
birth-1 yr

autonomy v. shame
1-3 yr

initiative v. guilt
3-6 yr

industry v. inferiority
6-11 yr

indentity v. confusion
12+ yr

intimacy v. isolation
young adulthood

generativity v. stagnation
mid adulthood

integrity v. despair
old age

Front 63

Piagets 4 cognitive-developmental stages, and the ages when they occur

Back 63

sensorimotor (birth-2)

preoperational (2-7)

concrete-op (7-11)

formal-op (11+)

Front 64

Bowlbys 3 attachment phases

Back 64

pre-attachment (birth-6wks)

attatchment in progress (6wks-6mos)

clear attachment (6mo - 2 yrs)

Front 65

4 types of attachment

Back 65

Secure
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized

Front 66

Define LOSS

Back 66

removal of someone or something we hold valuable

Front 67

define BEREAVEMENT

Back 67

state of grief that an individual experiences when a loss occurs

Front 68

define MOURNING

Back 68

the way an individual expresses grief

Front 69

Subsequent Temporary Upsurges of Grief (STUGs)

Back 69

brief periods where grief for deceased is experienced afresh

Front 70

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 stages

Back 70

1. denial/isolation
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

Front 71

Defensive exclusion

Back 71

congnitive tendency to block the processiong of information perceieved to be painful/threatening

Front 72

What did DENNIS KLASS say about the root of grief?

Back 72

-Attachment is the root of grief
-Resolution: reformulate relationship to deceased so you do not sever the relationship, but simply change it

Front 73

William Worden - 4 Task Model

Back 73

-Berevement as a process
-It is helpful for mourners to see the tasks that they are actively performing

1) accept the loss
2) work through the grief
3) adjust to a new world
4) emotionally reinvest & move on

Front 74

Therese Rando specialized in the area of ____________

Back 74

complicated mourning

Front 75

What is COMPLICATED MOURNING?

Back 75

problematic responses following a loss

Front 76

Therese Rando explained 3 phases of complicated mourning.....

Back 76

1. avoidance phase
(initial shock, denial, confusion)

2. confrontation phase
(most intense phase characterized by accepting losses)

3. accomodation phase
(decline in intensity of emotions, reinvestment of emotions)

Front 77

Who created the DUAL-PROCESS MODEL?

Back 77

Margaret Stroebe

Henk Schut

Front 78

What are the 2 parts of the DUAL PROCESS MODEL

Back 78

1) need to cope with practical issues (restoration-orientation)

2) need to cope with personal issues (loss-orientation)

Front 79

loss orientation

Back 79

grief over loss of the person and a yearning for the lost one

Front 80

restoration orientation

Back 80

pragmatic tasks and roles that the deceased undertook and must now be absorbed by the mourner

Front 81

finite loss

Back 81

permanent loss

Front 82

non-finite loss

Back 82

non-permanent loss

Front 83

intuitive griever

Back 83

emotional in expressing grief

Front 84

instrumental griever

Back 84

express grief through problem solving and restoration-orientation

Front 85

How did Maria Nagy explain how children understand death (3 stages)

Back 85

(3-5yrs)
-believe dead people are like the living, with severe restrictions

(5-9yrs)
-recognize finality of death, and personify it (i.e. grim reaper)

9-10 yrs
-understand death like adults (final, inescapable, etc.)

Front 86

Speece & Brent's 5 components of death

Back 86

irreversability
nonfunctionality
universality
casuality
personal mortality

Front 87

what is IRREVERSABILITY
(Speece & Brent)

Back 87

death cannot be undone

Front 88

what is NONFUNCTIONALITY (Speece & Brent)

Back 88

life sustaining functions stop at death

Front 89

what is UNIVERSALITY(Speece & Brent)

Back 89

all living things eventually die

Front 90

what is CASUALITY (Speece & Brent)

Back 90

the actual causes of death

Front 91

what is PERSONAL MORTALITY (Speece & Brent)

Back 91

understanding YOU will die eventually

Front 92

Response to Death in INFANTS (birth-3yrs)

Back 92

-emotional response IS present even with lack of cognitive skill

-john bowly noted outrage, confusion, depression in infants under 1yo

Front 93

Response to death in EARLY CHILDHOOD (3-5yrs)

Back 93

-by age 3, children have a limited and inaccurate conception of death
-they show magical thinking

Front 94

what is MAGICAL THINKING

Back 94

belief that death is not final, and think that death can be UNDONE if one is clever enough

Front 95

responses to death in MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (5-10yo)

Back 95

from age 5-10, children begin to understand the components of death in the following order:

universality
irreversability
nonfunctionality
casuality
personal mortality

Front 96

respones to death in ADOLESCENCE (11-16yo)

Back 96

-by age 10, most children understand all components of death

Front 97

Brenda Kenyon's 5 factors of death concept devl't

Back 97

1. cognitive ability (better verbal reasoning = increased understanding)

2. gender/socioeconomic status (neither has impact)

3. culture/religion (those with higher exposure to death stimuli have higher understanding, like Iraq children)

4. experience (higher death events in enviornment mean higher rate of understanding)

5. socio-emotional factors (higher anxiety in children = lower understanding)

Front 98

Who designed the Child Berevement Study

Back 98

William worden

and

Phyllis Silverman

Front 99

What was the conclusion of the Child Berevement Study?

Back 99

Children who had a parental death expressed anger, sadness guilt and anxiety because the surviving parent was not able to care for the child due to their own grief.

Front 100

John Bowlby noted 3-step grief reaction process for infants.....

Back 100

1. protest of seperation (pain & anger)

2. despair as child loses hope figure will return

3. develops permanent refusal to trust others

Front 101

_ to _ year olds show grief through drawings, dark colours, dark settings

Back 101

3-5 year olds

Front 102

_ to _ year olds ask for detailed, fact based info on death to regain control

Back 102

9 to 11 year olds

Front 103

_ to _ year olds avoid hearing about the death altogether

Back 103

12 to 14 year olds

Front 104

_ to _ year olds show same reactions as adults and utilize affective denial

Back 104

15 to 17 year olds

Front 105

what is AFFECTIVE DENIAL?

Back 105

inhibition of appropriate emotional grief response (i.e. crying) even though the death has been cognitively recognized and accepted

Front 106

For children, the loss of a _____ is more difficult to deal with than the loss of a _______.

Back 106

Mother,
Father

Front 107

The most powerful predictor of subsequent adjustment in the child to parental loss is...

Back 107

how the surviving parent adapts and adjusts

Front 108

Schawab's 4 potential problems of sibling death

Back 108

1. cognitive distortions (children imagine their own ideas for how they died, since parents do not divulge info)

2. reactions to parental distress (seeing their parents are sad, they hide their own grief)

3. being a replacement child (the feeling that they must live up to the dead sibiling)

4. parental failure to cope (long-term coping failure from parent(s) causes psychological issues in surviving child)

Front 109

Parental death creates a ___________ in children and the lower the _______ _______ __________, the higher the risk of ______________.

Back 109

vulnerability

household emotional support

difficulties

Front 110

erikson's psychosocial stages
(8)

Back 110

1. trust v. mistrust (birth-1)
2. autonomy v. shame (1-3)
3. initiative v. guilt (3-6)
4. industry v. inferority (6-11)
5. identity v. confusion (adolescence)
6. intimacy v isolation (young adulthood)
7. generativity v. stagnation (mid adulthood)
8. integrity v. despair
(old age)