Cultural Identity Development

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Purpose of cultural identity model

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Explain individual’s process of defining themselves and how this is associated with their relationships with other cultural groups

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Themes of cultural identity model process

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1. Unawareness or denial of cultural group membership

2. Conflict or anxiety when encountering those who differ in cultural identity

3. Retreat into one’s own cultural group and then cautious interaction with others

4. Integration of one’s own cultural identity with other self-identities

5. Advocacy for those who belong to cultural group memberships who may experience oppression

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Racial identity

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Orientation to one or more racial groups

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Cross’s Nigrescense Model

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Description of stages that blacks experience as they come to understand and embrace their black identity

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Nigrescence

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Process of blacks “becoming black”

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Preencounter (Cross’s Nigrescense Model)

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Pre-experiencing a racial event . Race anti-black attitudes are not viewed as important by the black individual

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Encounter (Cross’s Nigrescense Model)

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A specific experience that prompts the black individual to begin to notice and question their racial identity

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Immersion-Emersion (Cross’s Nigrescense Model)

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Response to conflict and anxiety, which prompts the individual to retreat and embrace symbols of black identity

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Internalization (Cross’s Nigrescense Model)

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The Black individual is more excepting and integrates it with other cultural identities

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Internalization-commitment (Cross’s Nigrescense Model)

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Represented by the individual being an advocate for black issues

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Cross’s Nigrescense Model statuses

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1. Preencounter

2. Encounter

3. Immersion-Emersion

4. Internalization

5. Internalization-commitment

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Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses

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1. Conformity

2. Dissonance

3. Immersion and Emersion

4. Internalization

5. Integrative awareness

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Conformity (Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses)

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No awareness of racism. Blame people of color for their problem. Don’t socialize with people of color.

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Dissonance (Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses)

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Experience a crisis that increases awareness of racism. Conflict leads them to appreciate aspects of racial groups and distrust of the dominant racial group

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Immersion and Emersion (Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses)

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Reject white culture and have increased racial pride

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Internalization (Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses)

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Interact with whites with more flexibility objectivity. Develop an individualized racial self-concept.

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Integrative awareness (Helms’s People of color racial identity development model statuses)

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Work to eliminate all forms of oppression

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Helms’s White racial identity development model statuses

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1. Contact

2. Disintegration

3. Re-integration

4. Pseudo– independence

5. Immersion and Emersion

6. Autonomy

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Contact (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Unaware that racism exists and denies their role in it

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Disintegration (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Uncomfortable with the notion of racial superiority. Event that causes awareness of racism and brings anxiety, guilt, and anger

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Reintegration (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Demonstrate intolerance and anger towards those of different racial groups as a way to lessen the anxiety of racism

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Pseudo-independence (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Address conflict by making a superficial commitment to racism issues. Discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups

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Immersion and Emersion (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Increased self-reflection and self-understanding of individual’s role in perpetuating racial privilege

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Autonomy (Helms’s White racial identity development model)

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Whites strive to relinquish some of their white privilege and dismantle the racial status quo

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Helms Racial interaction theory statues

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1. Parallel interactions

2. Regressive interactions

3. Progressive interactions

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Parallel interactions (Helms’s Racial interaction theory)

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In counseling, the counselor and client will either address or avoid racial discussions. More harm and harmonious race-based communication

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Regressive interactions (helms racial interaction theory)

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One individual is at lower racial status than the other. Creates frustration and leads to early termination in counseling

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Progressive interactions (helms racial interaction theory)

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One individual of higher social power exhibiting a more advanced racial identity status than the other individual. Race and culture may be addressed in counseling.

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Hardiman racial identity development model

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Developmental issue for Whites is to integrate their whiteness with other components of their cultural identities

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Hardiman white racial identity development stages (5)

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1. Naïveté

2. Acceptance

3. Resistance

4. Redefinition

5. Internalization

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Naïveté (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving transmitting messages about power and privilege

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Acceptance (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Believe that there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups. White values are the golden standard

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Resistance (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Whites Experience conflicts and anxiety about the beliefs of the copper turn it he is engage in significant meaningful cross racial interaction

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White internalization (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Whites define themselves independently of the anxiety and resistance of earlier stages

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Redefinition (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Self reflection process about white ethnic identity membership. Increase their understanding of the ethnic identity is independent of their attitudes towards other racial groups

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Internalization (Hardiman racial identity development model)

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Whites define themselves independently of anxiety and resistance of earlier stages

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Gender identity

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The degree to which individuals endorse gender role expressions associated with their perceived gender

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Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush) stages (5)

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1. Passive acceptance

2. Revelation

3. Embeddedness-Emanation

4. Synthesis

5. Active commitment

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Passive acceptance —-

Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush)

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Women internalizing traditional gender roles and societal views of women

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Revelation —— Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush)

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Women experience an event of sexism and calls into their awareness. Dualistic thinking

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Embeddedness-Emanation——-Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush)

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Women develop a support network with other women to deal with negative feelings during this stage. I’m in a remain guarded in their interactions with men

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Synthesis —— Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush)

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Evolve from feminist principles with other personal and cultural values. Events deemed previously as solely caused by sexism are re-examined to consider other causes

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Active commitment —— Feminist identity development model (Downing & Roush)

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Women advocating for other women and working to eradicate sexism

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Gender self-confidence

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The degree to which an individual to find himself or herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views

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Crisis (feminist identity development model - Hoffman)

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Women become aware of societal discrimination in the form of sexism

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Moratorium and equilibrium (feminist identity development model - Hoffman)

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Actively committed to a feminist identity search

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Achieved female identity (feminist identity development model - Hoffman)

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Gender self-confidence occurs

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Conscious awareness - Gay identity development model -cass

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Individuals feel different and note that they may not be heterosexual

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Identity comparison - Gay identity development model -cass

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Initial attempts a person may make as they accept or reject various aspects of a gay identity

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Identity tolerance- Gay identity development model -cass

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Individuals desire to connect with other sexual minorities and distance themselves from heterosexuals

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Identity acceptance

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Active commitment to the gay community

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Identity pride - Gay identity development model -cass

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Stronger commitment to gay identity with some activism

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Identity synthesis

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A gay identity is integrated with other cultural identities