Ctb 23: Male

Front 1

describe the capsule that covers the testes

Back 1

surrounded by tunica albuginea (capsule of dense CT), inner surface of TA consists of tunica vasculosa (highly vascular loose CT), the TA thickens posteriorly forming the mediastinum testis, a network for sperm transport, BV's and LVs

Front 2

what type of cells line the seminiferous tubules

Back 2

seminiferous (germinal) epithelium, contains spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells

Front 3

what are the three phases of spermatogenesis

Back 3

1. Spermatocytogenesis-spermatogonia divide by mitosis and maintain a stem cell population 2. Meiosis-spermatocyte =>spermatid 3. Spermiogenesis-spermatid=>mature sperm

Front 4

describe the structure of mature sperm

Back 4

head w/ acrosome, tail w/ neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece

Front 5

describe the seminiferous epithelium cycle

Back 5

16 days, six distinctly observable associations of germinal cells within the epithelium, occur in spiral like arrangement along the Seminiferous tbule "wave", four cycles are needed to form a mature sperm

Front 6

What is the function of sertoli cells

Back 6

somatic cells that line the seminiferous epithelium, they secrete tubular fluid, provide support for the germinal cells, degrade unreleased sperm, secrete proteins, blood-testis barrier, mediate relesae of sperm

Front 7

What constitutes the blood-testis barrier

Back 7

tight junctions between sertoli cells, creates a basal compartment with the spermatogonia and an adluminal compartment containing germinal cells. It isolates the immunologically distinct germ cells and allows luminal fluid to differ in composition from the interstitial fluid. the barrier forms before or during puberty

Front 8

what is the function of interstitial (Leydig) cells

Back 8

secrete testosterone (note characteristics of steroid secreting cell such as abudant sER, mitochondria w/ tubulovesicular cristate, and lipid droplets

Front 9

What is the action of FSH con the testes

Back 9

supports the maturation of sertoli (supporitng) and leydig (testosterone secreting) cells, maintains spermatogenesis

Front 10

what is the function of LH on the testes

Back 10

simulates the synthesis and release of testosterone by the interstitial (leydig) cellls

Front 11

What is the function of testosterone in the male

Back 11

maintains spermatogenesis, duct morphology and function, accessory gland structuion and function, secondary characteristics, also releases inhibi B to modulate FSH release

Front 12

describe the structure and function of the intratesticular duct system

Back 12

1. straight tubules=distal end of seminiferous tubules, epithelium=Seroli (supporitve) cells, empty into 2. Rete testis-epithelial lined spaces within the mediastinum testis,simple cuboidal+cilium, trabeculae w/ smooth muscle cells

Front 13

Describe the structure and function of the ductus epididymis

Back 13

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, principal cells have branced stereocilia, even, spherical lumen, tall cells have coated vesicles, apical lysosomes, rER, and basal golgi. Tubular flud is reabsored, residual bodies are phagocytosed, and glycoprotiens are added to the sperm membrane glycocalyx, smooth muslce layers increase in thickness

Front 14

In which part of the male duct system is tubular fluid reabsorbed, residual bodies pgocytosed, and glycoproteins added to the sperm membrane

Back 14

ductus epididymus

Front 15

describe the structure of the vas deferens

Back 15

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, tall cells have microvilli,3 layers of SM, expands to form amuplla of the ductus w/ simple columnar epithelium

Front 16

What type of epithelium lines the ejaculatory duct? What gland is it near?

Back 16

lined with simple columnar (contrast to the pseudostratified columnar of the vas deferens and semincal vesicle. It is within the prostate gland

Front 17

What are the three parts of the male urethra? What type of epithelium lines them?

Back 17

1. prostatic-transitional epithelium 2. Membranous-stratified or pseudostratified columnar 3. Penile-stratified/pseudostratified columnar, distal end is expanded forming the navicular fossa lined with noncornified stratified squamosu

Front 18

Describe the structure of the seminal vesicle. What are its products

Back 18

coiled tuble w/ hihgly foleded mucosa lined with pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium +stroma/capuslue w/ fibroelastic CT. Wall contains SM, products include Zn, proteolytic enzymes, PSA. Joins vas deferens at the ampulla of the ductus to for the ejaculatory duct (simple columnar)

Front 19

Describe the structure (zones) of the prostate gland

Back 19

1. transitional-mucosal glands, surrounds the urethra 2. central-sucmucosal glands, surround the ejaculatory duct 3. Peripheral-main glands, Note also abundant SM in stroma

Front 20

Descirbe BPH

Back 20

hypertrophy of stroma and glands in the transitional (surronding the urethra) zone, common in men over 40 and 80% of men over 80 (hint Transition to odl age)

Front 21

Which zone of the prostate is affected by carcinoma

Back 21

peripheral zone (main glands, hint: Proliferation Problem in the Peripheral Prostate)

Front 22

What is the function of bulbourethral glands

Back 22

pea sized branched tubuloalveolar mucous glands w/ fibrous CT capusle, mucus contains sugars and glycosaminoglycans= viscous and slippery

Front 23

describe the composition of semen

Back 23

2-5ml, 40-400 million sperm=1%, preseminal fluid (bulbourethral and urethral gland secretions), prostate secretions, sperm, seminal vesicle secretions

Front 24

What are the 3 fractiosn that compose ejaculate

Back 24

1. prostate secretiosn and some sperm 2. most of sperm (40-400million) 3. seminal vesicle secretions

Front 25

describe the general structure of the penis

Back 25

three erectile bodies (2 dorsal cavernosa, 2 ventral spongiosum) bounded by fibroelastic tunica albuginea, erectile bodies are surrounded by a layer of deep fasica w/ thin skin and little subcu fat, SM located beneath subcu tissue

Front 26

Describe the structure of the erectile tissue of the penis

Back 26

erectile tissue contains vascular spaces lined with endothelium that are separated by fibroelastic trabecula which contain SM. A central artery is located in each corpus cavernosum w/ branches-Helicine arteries-that suppy the vascular spaces and dilate as a result of parasympathetic nerve stimulation

Front 27

Erection is a neurovascular response. describe the pathways invovled

Back 27

Initiated by somatic afferent or CNS simualtion that triggers parasympathetic stimulation which relaxes the smooth msulce in the wall of the helicine arteries allowing blood to flow into the vascular spaces. The SM relaxation is meated by Ach stimulated release of NO and prostaglandin E2. NO elevates cGMP which allows for relaxation. Ejaculation is under the influence of sypathetic impulses (point and shoot)

Front 28

How is flaccidity achived

Back 28

phsophodiesterase-5 depletes the cGMP allowing SM contraction (cGMP was elevated inresponse to NO which was released in response to PNS mediated Ach)

Front 29

ED drugs like viagra, levitra, and cialis by inhibiting phsophodiesterase-5. how does this help maintain an erection

Back 29

pohsphodiesterase-5 breaks down the cGMP that is necessary to cause SM relaxation and dilation of the heliine arteries. Inhibiton of PDE-5 keeps cGMP high which keeps the SM relaxed

Front 30

Describe the pathway for sperm release

Back 30

Seminiferous tubule (straight, rete, efferent)=>Epididymis=>Vas Deferns=>ejaculatory duct=>Urethra=>Penis (Hint SEVEn UP)

Front 31

what are the major events in spermatocytogenesis

Back 31

1. Spermatocytogenesis-spermatogonial stem cells make clones-spermatogonia (mitosis)=>primary spermatocyte 2 .Meiosis-each primary spermatote proceeds through meiosis to form 4 spermatids 3. Spermiogenesis-modifications transform spermatids into spermatozoa

Front 32

what is the role of the myoid cell/ myofibroblasts

Back 32

the wall of the seminiferous tubule consists of the seminiferous epithelium (spermatogenic and sertoli cells), basement membrane, and tunica propria. The tunica propria contains layers of myoid cells which have SM characteristics. Rhythmic contractions  of these cells help move the imobile spermatozoa through the tubules

Front 33

The blood-testis barrier divides the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, the adluminal and basal. Which processes of sperm maturation occur in which compartment?

Back 33

adluminal-later stages, meiosis and spermiogenesis (spermatid to spermatozoa add acrosome, flagella, compact nucleus); basal-spermatocytogenesis-stem cells=>spermatogonia=>1 spermatocytes (hint makes sense, more mature= closer to lumen= closer to exit)

Front 34

what are the two main funcitons of the blood-testis barrie

Back 34

1. allows distinct fluid composition of seminiferous tubule vs. interstitial 2. protects haploid germ cells from immune system

Front 35

interstitial cells have receptors for ____ which sitmulate the to make____

Back 35

LH, testosterone

Front 36

which male orgns woudl be affected by castration

Back 36

ducts, glands and testis are dependent on testosterone/ derivaties to maintain structure and fxn. Inclues testes and intratesticular ducts, efferent ductures, vas deferns, seminial vesicle, prostate glands, possiblbulbourehral glands

Front 37

Describe the pattern of testosterone levels throughout the day during puberty

Back 37

bursts of GnRH and FSH/LH are integrated in the testis to give a continous supply of testosterone in the blood and testis, biphasic 24 hour patter but appears tonic when samples longitudinally

Front 38

sterocilia are a unique feature of which components of the male duct system

Back 38

epididymis and vas deferens

Front 39

how does the epithelium of the male duct system change from prox to distal

Back 39

only sertoli (straight)=>simple/low columnar (rete)=>PseduoStrat columnar w/ cilia (effernt ductules)=>PseudoStrat w/ sterocilia (epididymis and vas deferens)=> simple columnar (ejaculatory)=>transitional (prostatic urethra)=>Pseudostrat columnar (membranous and penile)=>noncornified stratified squamous (navicular fossa)

Front 40

Which duct component is the transition from intratesticular to extra

Back 40

effernt ductules

Front 41

what affect on sperm does each component of the male duct system have

Back 41

straight, rete, efferent, and ejaculatory have no effect. Sperm mature, gain motility in the epididymis. Sperm are stored at the base of the epididymis and the inferior part of the vas deferens

Front 42

where do sperm become mature and motile

Back 42

epididymis and vas deferens

Front 43

what is a prostatic conventration

Back 43

irregularly shpaed, acidophilicbody in the lumen of the prostate gland, crystallized accumulation of prostate secretion

Front 44

the majority of the volumne of ejaculate comes from

Back 44

seminial vesicles (fructose, semenogelin, prostaglandins, ascorbic acid, liochorme pigment)