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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are hormones synthesized, stored and released? |
The endocrine glands |
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Skeletal muscle is multinucleated, which means that the protein within a muscle fiber is controlled by: |
Multiple nuclei |
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The most prominent resistance training adaptation in muscle is an increase in the amount of what? |
Muscle contractile proteins actin and myosin. |
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What are four examples of anabolic hormones? |
Insulin, insulin-like growth factors, testosterone and growth hormone.
Thyroid hormones act as permissive hormones that allow the actions of other hormones to take place. |
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What is the lock-and-key theory? |
A given hormone reacts with a specific receptor. Receptor is the lock, Hormone is the key. |
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What specific exercise variables can most likely cause increased serum testosterone changes in boys and younger men? |
Large muscle group exercises (deadlift, squat, power clean) Heavy resistance (85-95% 1RM) Mod-High volume Short rest intervals 2 years or more resistance training experience |
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What are steroid hormones? |
Hormones from adrenal cortex and gonads, which are fat soluble and passively diffuse across the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber. Example: testosterone, estrogen |
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What are polypeptide hormones? |
Made of amino acids and bind to receptors in the blood or to receptors on cell membrane. They are not fat-soluble and this require secondary messengers. Example: insulin, growth hormone |
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_________ must be produced in activated fibers to stimulate receptors and membrane sensitivity. |
Force. |
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Your analogy of a “face scan” in relation to muscle fiber adaptation. |
Hormonal interactions in the growth of muscle fibers are directly related to the adapted size of fibers, which is dependent on load and angle used. If you only train muscle in one direction, adaptation in the muscle fiber only occurs in that direction. |
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Which hormone enhances muscle tissue growth? |
Growth hormone |
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What are catacholamines (provide examples) and their function in muscle stimulation? |
Epinephrine mainly, Also norepinephrine and dopamine. Secreted by adrenal medulla and act as central motor stimulators and thus increase force production, increase muscle contraction, blood pressure, energy availability, etc. High intensity (10RM) and short rest (10-60 sec) was shown to maintain increased nor., ep., and dopamine in blood plasma. |
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Cortisol increases with resistance training most dramatically when what? |
Rest periods are short and total volume is high. |
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Cortisol is a primary signal hormone for _____ (blank), as it catabolizes amino acids into _______ (blank). |
Carb metabolism, Carbohydrates. |
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What type of exercise must occur to stimulate serum concentrations of growth hormone? |
A high intensity load must be reached to stimulate release. Studies with low weight, high reps caused no change. Recommendation is for less rest and at least 10RM or higher for intensity. |
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During a free weight exercise, what is responsible for variables in muscle force? |
The perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint. |
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Power = |
Force x Velocity Power is the rate of doing work. |
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Work = |
Force x Distance |
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What is the agonist muscle? |
The muscle involved in bringing about the movement (the prime mover).
Tricep is agonist when throwing, bicep acts as antagonist in the elbow extension. The deltoid acts as a synergistic muscle, assisting indirectly. |
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Force = |
Mass x Acceleration |
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3 anatomical planes of the body? |
Sagittal: right/left Frontal: front/back Transverse: upper/lower |
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What is the primary androgen hormone? |
Testosterone. Many functions, but can promote growth hormone responses in pituitary, which influences protein synthesis. Can interact with receptors on neurons, increase amount of neurotransmitters, and influence structural protein changes. All of these can increase force production potential and mass of the innervates muscle. There are only small increases in testosterone in women after resistance training. |
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What hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland? |
Growth hormone- also called somatotropin. One of the most potent anabolic hormones. Has many physiological benefits, but also enhances cellular amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, resulting in hypertrophy of both muscle fibers. Various external factors, such as gender, age, sleep, nutrition, alcohol consumption, and exercise, all alter GH release patterns. |
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What hormone has the greatest influence on neural changes? |
Testosterone |
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Which hormone level is higher in women than in men at rest? |
Cortisol |
