Cscs - Chapter 2

Front 1

_____ is the flow of energy in a bioogical system, concerns primarily the conversion of macro-nutrients into biologically usuable forms of energy.

Back 1

Bioenergetics

Front 2

____-____ are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Back 2

Macro-nutrients

Front 3

______ is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy (i.e. the breakdown of proteins into amino acids).

Back 3

Catabolism

Front 4

_____ is the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions; this is a building up process (i.e. formation of proteins from amino acids).

Back 4

Anabolism

Front 5

_____ reactions are energy releasing reactions and are generally catabolic.

Back 5

Exergonic

Front 6

_____ reactions require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

Back 6

Endergonic

Front 7

_____ is the total of all the catabolic(exergonic) and anabolic (endergonic) reactions in a biological system.

Back 7

Metabolism

Front 8

___ allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions. Without an adequate suppy of this muscle growth and activity would not be possible.

Back 8

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Front 9

The breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy is known as _______.

Back 9

hydrolysis

Front 10

The hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by the presence of an enzyme called _____ ______.

Back 10

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Front 11

Further hydrolysis of _____ _____ (2 phosphate groups) cleaves the second phosphate group and yields adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Back 11

adenosine diphospate (ADP)

Front 12

ATP + H2O <----ATPase---> ADP + P + H+ + Energy

Back 12

Equation of hydrolysis breakdown of ATP to produce energy

Front 13

3 basic energy systems exist in the mammaliam muscle cells to replenish ATP:

Back 13

(1) The phosphagen system
(2) Glycolysis
(3) The oxidative system

Front 14

ATP-producing processes must occur in the ______.

Back 14

cell

Front 15

_____ processes don't require the presence of oxygen.

Back 15

Anaerobic

Front 16

_____ processes require the presence of oxygen.

Back 16

Aerobic

Front 17

Of the 3 main marconutrients only _____ can be metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen. These are critical during anaerobic metabolism.

Back 17

carbohydrates

Front 18

The _____ _____ provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity (sprinting, weight training, etc) and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of the intensity.

Back 18

phosphagen system

Front 19

ADP + CP <----creatine kinase----> ATP + Creatine

Back 19

The phosphagen system relies on the hydrolysis of ATP and a breakdown of another high-energy molecule creatin phosphate (CP) and creatine kinase is the ennzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP in this reaction/equation:

Front 20

True of False: The phosphagen system cannot be the primary supplier of energy for continuous, long-duration activities.

Back 20

True

Front 21

2ADP <-----Adenylate kinase----> ATP + AMP

Back 21

Reaction that can rapidly replinish ATP and is a single-enzyme and is called the Adenylate Kinase Reaction.

Front 22

2ADP <-----Adenylate kinase----> ATP + AMP
ADP + CP <----creatine kinase----> ATP + Creatine
ATP + H2O <----ATPase---> ADP + P + H+ + Energy

These 3 reactions are called _____-_____ _____ because they proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactants due to the law of mass action.

Back 22

near-equilibrium reactions

Front 23

_____ is the breakdown of carbs-either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood-to resynthesize.

Back 23

Glycolysis

Front 24

The ATP resynthesis rate during glycolysis is not as rapid as with the ____ ____; however, the capacity is much _____ due to a larger supply of glycogen and glucose compared to CP.

Back 24

phosphagen system, higher

Front 25

As with the phosphagen system, glycolysis occurs in the ______.

Back 25

sarcoplasm

Front 26

_____ is the end result of glycolysis.

Back 26

Pyruvate

Front 27

Pyruvate can proceed in one of two directions and the end of glycolysis:

Back 27

(1) converted to lactate
(2) can be shttled into the mitochondria

Front 28

_____ _____ is when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate but is limited in duration.

Back 28

Anaerobic (Fast) glycolysis

Front 29

_____ _____ is when pruvate is shttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but cha occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough.

Back 29

Aerobic (slow) glycolysis

Front 30

If enenrgy must be transferred at a ____ rate, such as during resistance training, pryuvate is primarily converted to lactate. If energy demand is not as ___ and oxygen is present in sufficient quantities in the cell, pryuvate can be further oxidized in the mitochondria.

Back 30

high, high

Front 31

The formation of _____ from pyruvate is catalzed by the enzymen _____ dehydrogenase.

Back 31

lactate, lactate

Front 32

The process of an exercise-induced decrease in pH is referred to as _____-_____ and may be responsible for much of the peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise.

Back 32

metabolic-acidosis

Front 33

_____ production increases with exercise intensity and appears to depend on muscle fiber.

Back 33

Lactate

Front 34

The clearance of lactate from the blood reflects a return to _______ and thus a person's ability to recover

Back 34

homeostasis

Front 35

____ ____ is when lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.

Back 35

Cori cycle

Front 36

Blood lactate concentrations normally return to preexercise levels within ___ hour(s) after activity.

Back 36

one

Front 37

T or F: Aerobically and anaerobically trained athletes have a faster lactate clearance rates than an untrained person.

Back 37

True

Front 38

Light activity during the post exercise period has been shown to increase _____ clearance rate.

Back 38

Lactate

Front 39

T or F: Lactate is not the cause of muscle fatigue

Back 39

True. Fatigue is the accumulation of H+ as a result of of lactate formation which reduces the intracellular pH, inhibits glycolytic reactions, and directly with muscle's excitation-contraction coupling or by interferring with cross-bridge recycling.

Front 40

Glucose + 2P + 2ADP --->2Lactate + 2ATP + H2O

Back 40

Net reaction for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate

Front 41

______ are specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur.

Back 41

Mitochondria

Front 42

If O2 is present in sufficient quantities in the _____ the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but transported to the ______.

Back 42

mitochondria, mitochondria

Front 43

There are 2 primary mechanisms for resynthesizing ATP during metabolism:

Back 43

(1) Substrate-level phosphorylation
(2) Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 44

______ is the process of adding an inorganic phospate (P) to another molecule.

Back 44

Phosphorylation

Front 45

ADP + P, ---> ATP is the _______ of ADP to ATP.

Back 45

Phosphorylation

Front 46

_______ _______ refers to the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain.

Back 46

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 47

____-____ _____ describes the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

Back 47

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 48

2 possible sources of glucose:

Back 48

(1) blood glucose
(2) muscle glucose

Front 49

_____ is stimulated during intense muscle actions by high concentrations of ADP, P, and ammonia, and by a slight decrease in pH and AMP.

Back 49

Glycolysis

Front 50

_____ _____ occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation.

Back 50

Allosteric inhibition

Front 51

____ ____ occurs when an "activator" binds with the enzyme and increases its turnover rate.

Back 51

Allosteric activation

Front 52

The ___ reaction commits the cell to metabolizing glucose rather than storing it as glycogen. In addition the ___ enzyme is the most important regulator of glycolysis, because it is the rate-limiting step.

Back 52

PFK (phosphofructokinase), PFK (phosphofructokinase)

Front 53

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lacate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration has been termed the ____ ____. This usually begins @ 50-60% of max O2 intake in untrained persons and 70-80% in trained persons.

Back 53

lactate threshold (LT)

Front 54

The lactate threshold (LT) corresponds well with the ______ threshold and is often used as a marker of the ______ threshold.

Back 54

ventilatory (breaking point in the relationship between ventilation and VO2), anaerobic

Front 55

The second point of inflection has been termed the ____ _ ___ ____, aka OBLA, and occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4 mmol/L.

Back 55

onset of blood lactate accumulation

Front 56

The _____ _____ is the primary source of ATP at rest during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substances.

Back 56

oxidative system

Front 57

As the intensity of the exercise increases, there is a shift in substrate preference from fats to _____. During high intensity aerobic exercise, almost 100% of the energy is derived from ____ if available. However during prolonged, submaximal, steady-state work, there is a gradual shift from _____ back to _____ and _____ as energy substrates.

Back 57

carbs, carbs, carbs, fat, protein

Front 58

A series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate begun in glycolysis and produces 2 ATP indirectly from GTP (guanine triphosphate) via substrate-level phosphorylation for each molecule of glucose. Also know as citric acid or tricarboxylic cycle.

Back 58

Krebs cycle

Front 59

The ____ _____ ____ uses NADH and FADH2 molecules to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP.

Back 59

electron transport chain (ETC)

Front 60

The oxidative system, beginning with glycolysis, results in the production of appx __ ATP from the degradation of one molecule of blood glucose.

Back 60

38

Front 61

___ ____ is a series of reactions in which free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons.

Back 61

Beta oxidation

Front 62

_____ can be broken down into its constituent amino acids be various metabolic processes. Amino acids from ___ can be converted into glucose (known as gluconeogenesis), pyruvate, or various Kreb cycle intermediates to produce ATP

Back 62

Protein, protein

Front 63

The major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle are believed to be the ____-____ ____ ___.

Back 63

branched-chain amino acids

Front 64

The nitrogenous waste products of amino acids degradation are eliminated through the formation of urea and small amounts of ______. This is significant due to the fact that ______ is toxic and associated with fatigue.

Back 64

ammonia, ammonia

Front 65

____ _____ is the level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of ______ (work performed per unit of time)

Back 65

Exercise intensity, power

Front 66

Phosphagen system provides ATP for activities that are ____ in intensity and ____ in duration. The glycolytic system for ____ to ____ intensity and ____ to ____ in duration. The oxidative systemt for _____ intensity and ____ in duration.

Back 66

high, short, moderate to high, short to medium, low, long

Front 67

_____ is more important than ____ in determining which energy system is utilized in an exercise

Back 67

Intenisty, duration

Front 68

______ ______ are molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions.

Back 68

Energy substrates

Front 69

Fatigue experienced during many activities is frequently associated with the depletion of ______ and ______.

Back 69

phospagens, glycogen

Front 70

Postexercise phosphagen repletion can occur in a relatively short period of time; complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within __ to __ minutes and complete creatine phosphate resynthesis can occur within __ minutes.

Back 70

3,5,8

Front 71

Duration Intensity Primary energy system
0-6 secs Extremely High 1
6-30 secs Very High 2
30 secs - 2 min High 3
2-3 min Moderate 4
>3 min Low 5

Back 71

1-Phosphagen
2-Phosphagen and fast glycolysis
3-Fast glycolysis
4-Fast glycolysis / Oxidative
5-Oxidative system

Front 72

T or F: Anaerobic exercise only is all that is required to increase resting muscle glycogen concentration.

Back 72

False: anaerobic and aerobic both in conjunction can increase this

Front 73

At relative intensities of exercise above __% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes an increasingly important substrate; the entire glycogen content of some muscles can be depleted during exercise.

Back 73

60

Front 74

_____ is the breakdown of glycogen.

Back 74

Glycogenolysis

Front 75

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to postexercise ______ ingestion with optimal ingestion of _ to _ grams per kg of body weight every _ hours after exercise.

Back 75

carb, 0.7-3.0, 2

Front 76

T of F: both low intensity, long duration or high intensity and short, repeated duration exercise can be a limiting factor for glycogen depletion.

Back 76

True

Front 77

_____ ____ is the measure of a person's ability to take in and use O2.

Back 77

Oxygen uptake

Front 78

_____ _____ is the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost at the start of exercise.

Back 78

Oxygen deficit

Front 79

Postexercise O2 uptake is called _____ or the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).

Back 79

oxygen debt

Front 80

Generally as the contribution of anaerobic mechanisms supporting the exercise _____ the exercise duration _____. Anaerobic mechanisms are primary up to __ seconds then aerobic metabolism becomes the primary energy supplier.

Back 80

increases, decreases,60

Front 81

______ ______ is a method that emphasizes bioenergentic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods (i.e. work to rest ratios). This is suppose to allow more work to be done at higher intensities with the same or less fatigue than if continously training at the same intensity.

Back 81

Interval training

Front 82

T of F: can specific anaerobic training stimulate increases in aerobic power and enhance markers of recovery.

Back 82

True

Front 83

Interval Training work to rest ratios:
(1) 90-100% power
(2) 75-90%
(3) 30-75%
(4) 20-30%

Back 83

(1) time 5-10 secs; 1:12 1:20 - phosphagen
(2) 15-30 secs; 1:3 to 1:5 - fast glycolysis
(3) 1-3 mins; 1:3 to 1:4 - fast glycolysis & oxidative
(4) >3 mins; 1:1 to 1:3 - oxidative

Front 84

____ _____ is when aerobic training can be added to the training of anaerobic athlete. However this may reduce the performance capacities of high-strength, high-power performance athletes.

Back 84

Combination training (cross training)

Front 85

Oxidative Phosphorylation accounts for over __% of ____ synthesis compared to substrate-level phosphorylation, which demonstrates the capacity of energy transfer by the oxidative system.

Back 85

90, ATP

Front 86

Glycogen stored in the body's muscle ____g and in the liver ___g.
ATP stored in the body ___-___g.
CP stored in the body __-__ times of ATP stored.

Back 86

300-400 grams in the body, 70-100g in the liver
80-100 grams
4-6 times more than ATP