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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Argument |
Series of statements (assertions) one of which is the conclusion, is supported by the others. An argument requires minimum 2 assertions. |
Group |
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Sub-Argument |
Argument within an argument. Can be information that supports premise, or main conclusion. Essentially, additional reasons to accept a premise. |
Additional |
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Premise |
Statement that helps support a conclusion. A reason. Can be dependent or independent. |
Two types |
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Premise indicators |
Words that can introduce a premise. Aren’t always present. Often words like: because, since, for. Gives a hint about the structure of an argument. |
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Conclusion |
Statement that is supported by other statements. Necessary part of an argument. Some arguments may have a sub conclusion(only if sub arguments are present) sub conclusion will then play a similar role to a premise in supporting the main conclusion. |
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Conclusion indicator |
Words such as therefore, thus, so, etc. Used to introduce a conclusion. Some arguments won’t always use conclusion indicators. |
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Valid argument |
Valid argument requires that it’s impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Provides logical, strong support for the conclusion. Cannot have true premises and a false conclusion. |
P True, C False? |
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Valid combinations |
1. True premise, true conclusion 2. False premises, true conclusion 3. False premises, false conclusion |
TT, FT, FF |
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Sound argument |
Must be valid and have true premises |
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Conditional statement |
If a, then b. Can vary. Also if b, then a. Antecedent is first (if), consequent is second (then). If a(antecedent) is true, then b(consequent) is. |
A, B. |
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Necessary vs. Sufficient |
Antecedent is sufficient condition for truth of consequent. Consequent is necessary condition for truth of antecedent. |
B, for A. |
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Valid patterns |
Affirming antecedent, hypothetical syllogism, disjunctive syllogism, denying the consequent. |
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Invalid patterns |
Affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent. |
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Dependent vs independent premises |
Dependent work TOGETHER to support conclusion. Independent work SEPARATELY. |
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What to do when claims conflict |
The claim isn’t justified until you resolve the conflict. Look for reasons to doubt the new claim. |
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Who is an expert? |
Someone who is more knowledgeable in a certain area than most. More likely to be right. |
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Expert criteria |
1. Education, training 2. Experience making judgements 3. Good reputation 4. Accomplishments |
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When should personal experience be doubted? |
In case of impairment, expectations about something |
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