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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Critical Care?
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The specialized care of pts whose conditions are life threatening and who require comprehensive care and constant monitoring, usually in ICU's. AKA= intensive care.
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The Upper Airway
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AKA= The larynx
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The Sellick maneuver
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A method of preventing regurgitation of an anesthetized patient during endotracheal intubation by applying pressure to the cricoid cartilage. Use backwards and upwards pressure and DO NOT RELEASE until ETT cuff is inflated.
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Artificial airways
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1. Nasopharyngeal (AKA trunpet):
2. Oropharyngeal: most commonly used, **NOT TOLERATED IN CONCIOUS PTS*** 3. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA): used by anesthiologists, usually for simple surgeries. ***DOES NOT ABSOULTELY PROTECT THE AIRWAY*** 4. Esophageal obturator airway (EOA): used by untrained personnell who fail attempted intubation on unconscious apneic pt, for short term only. 5. Esophageal gastric tube airway (EGTA): EOA w gastric tube. 6. Combitube: double lumen tube with 2 inflatable balloons, can be used to ventilate eitherr trachea or esophagus. ***CANOT RELIABLLY KEEP AIRWAY OPEN** 7. ETT: **THE KING OF AIRWAYS, BEST EMERGENCY DEVICE FOR SECURING AIRWAY** |
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The ETT
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* Murphy eye just proximal to beveled tip for safety if occluded.
* Inflatable cuff to seal airway (high V- low P) * Pilot tube w balloon (10cc's to fill) *Radio opaque stripe for CXR (blue) |
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What size ETT?
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* Avg female: 7.0-8.0
* Avg male: 8.0-8.5 *If possible: 9.0-10 (largest) **THE BIGGER DIAMETER THE BETTER FOR VENT PRESSURES** |
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Nasal intubation
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** USE MAGILL FORCEPS**
*Pro's: 1. less gag reflex 2. oral care easier 3. ETT more stable *Con's: 1. must be smaller diameter tube (bad for vent P) 2. necrosis of nasl mucosa |
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Oral intubation
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**BEST< MOST COMMONLY USED**
*Pro's: 1. fastest, more directe 2. use larger diameter tube (P) 3. minimal trauma * Con's: 1. Oral care more fifficult 2. ETT > gag reflex 3. less stable/ secure |
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Types of intubation Laryngoscopes
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Y1. Fiberoptic:
- used in bronchoscopys/ difficult intubations 2. Conventional/ battery operated: - metal/ plastic - blade and handle 3. New fiberoptic: - i.e. Gliderscope - make intubations safe & easy, though expensive - blade: flange, spatula, light & tip |
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Types of laryngoscope blades
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1. Macintosh:
- curved blade. Inserted into vallecula notch and lifted to expose epiglottis and cords. 2. Miller: - straight blade. Used to directly lift epiglottis. |
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Possible complications of intubation
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*Early:
1. esophageal intubation 2. mouth, nose, teeth trauma 3. mainstem bronchus intubation 4. kinked ETT 5. vomiting/ aspiration * Late: 1. vocal cord damaged 2. tracheal stenosis (cuff inflated too high) 3. infection (dirty equip) |
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Indications for intubation
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1. unable to maintain patent airway
2. need for repeated deep Sx (not necessarily vented) 3. need for mechanical ventilation 4. protection of airway |
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Intubation drugs- Paralytic
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***MUST ALWAYS ADMINISTER W SEDATIVE***
1. SUCCINYLCHOLINE, aka "SUCCS": - stimulates nicotinic, muscarinic cholinergic receptors - "GOLD STANDARD FOR 50 YEARS" - FAST ONSET: 45 SECS - SHORT DURATION: 8-10 MIN 2. PAVULON - SLOWER ONSET: 1-5 MIN - LONGER DURATION: 45-90 MIN (combative pt) - renal excretion - vagolytic (tachyarrythmias common) |
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Intubation Drugs- Sedative
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1. ETOMIDATE (AMIDATE):
- non-barbiturate hypnotic - DECREASED ICP/IOP - RAPID ONSET - SHORT DURATION - non hemodynamic effects 2. DIPROVAN (PROPOFOL): -general anesthesia, IV anesthesia, ICU sedation 3. MIDAZOLAM (VERSED, Hypnovel, Dormicum): - slower onset: 3-5 MINS - considered short acting: 30-60 MINS - DOES NOT INCREASE ICP - CAUSES RESPIRATORY & CV DEPRESSION 4. ATIVAN: BENZODIAZEPINE - uses: *relief of anxiety disorders *short term (up to 4 mos) |
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Intubation Equipment
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* ETT &stylet
* laryngoscope * sterile H2O * syringe (inflate cuff) * adhesive tape/ tube fixation device * bite block * Sx eqip * BVM * O2 * local ap * ventilator (set up) * stethoscope |
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27 Steps of Intubation
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1. Verify order, wash hands, don gloves and gown
2. Remove O2 device 3. Place oral airway properly 4. Position head in sniffing position w towel 5. Hyperoxygenate w bag, verify proper ventilation 6. Have assistant continue ventilations 7. Check larygoscope 8. Check ETT balloon for leaks 9. Insert stylet into ETT 10. Obtain 10cc syringe 11. Sx equipment ready 12. Capnometer ready 13. Prepare adhesive tape to secure ETT 14. Ask RN to deliver anesthesia 15. Check pt for awareness 16. Holds laryngoscope in left hand 17. Insert laryngoscope in mouth, visualise vocal cords, have assistant appy cricoid pressure 18. LIMITS ATTEMPT TO 30 SECS 19. HYPEROXYGENATES BETWEEN ATTEMPTS PRN 20. When ETT placed- ask for cuff to be inflated & remove stylet 21. Bag & observe for bilateral chest rise 22. Withdraw ETT if RT mainstem intubation- deflate & reinflate balloon 23. Ascultate BS: stomach, rt mainstem, then lt 24. Confirm w EZ Cap 25. Secure ETT, attach to vent 26. Call for STAT CXR 27. Ask Dr. for ABG order & Vent settings |
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16 Steps to Extubation
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1. Verify extubation order
2. Wash hands, don gloves 3. Assemble O2 device as ordered, towel, scissors, Sx equipment, syringe 4. Identify yourself and explain procedure to pt 5. Put pt in semi-fowlers position & cover with towel 6. Preoxygenate, Sx ETT 7. Remove tape Ett & attach syringe 8. Sx orally/ above ETT 9. Instruct pt to take deep breath on count of three 10. Instruct assistant to Sx throat as soon as ETT is removed 11. On count of three, deflate ballon and w McGowan grip, immediately remove ETT 12. After assistant Sx, apply O2 device 13. Ausculate for stridor, check O2 stats - if stridor present: order STAT racemic epi breathing Tx 14. Instruct pt to limit speaking for a few days and to immediately get nurse if problems arise and advise them of possible sore throat. |
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Laryngoscope blade sizes
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* 0-1: infant
* 2: 2-8 yrs * 3: 10- ADULT*** * 4: LARGE ADULT*** |
