Criminology Final Exam Vocab

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Computer Crime

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rogue programs that copy themselves onto other computer programs

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Coerced Crime

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a term used to describe a practive in which auto dealer franchises are required to force accessories and unnecessary sales in oreder to keep their franchise

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Corporate Crime

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crime within a legitimate occcupation on behalf of one's employer

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Corportae Dumping

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the selling of products that are prohibited in this country overseas where there is less regulation

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Criminaloid

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criminal-like behavior. a term first used by A.E. Ross to refer to flagitious (wicked) practices that had not yet been condemned by criminal law

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Embezzlement

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theft from an employer by an employee who has reached a level of trust

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Equity Funding Scandal

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a corporate scam in which fake insurance policies (ghosts) were created in order to take advantage of reinsures

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Higher Immorality

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describes the moral insensibility of the Power Elite

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Industrial Espionage

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spying in the commercial sector

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Insider Trading

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using prohibited, confidentiakl information in order to trade for one's advantage

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Churning

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a dishonest practice by stockbrokers of stockcrokers of unnecessarily causing many buys and sells of stock in order to collect commissions

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Nolo Contendere

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a plea of no contest to charges

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Occupational Crime

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crime committed during the course of a legitimate occupation for one's own benefit

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Occupational/Organizational Crime Grid

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a model that looks at white collar crimes in terms whether the perpetrator and victim are individuals, employees, or groups

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Organizational Crime

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refers to organization that use violence, provide illegal services, and have immunity of operation

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Revolving Door

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prisoners who are constantly in and out of prison

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Sweetheart Contracts

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secret deals between labor negotiators and management to the disadvantage of the workers

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Whistleblowers

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those who inform on wrongdoing within their organizaion

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White Collar Crime

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crime committed by those within legitimate occupations or organizations

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White Collar "Deadbeats"

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convicted white collar offenders often do not pay penalties

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Addiction

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an extreme physical and psychological dependence on drugs

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Broken Windows

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an approach to crime control that advocates that police not ignore small disturbances lest they lead to bigger crimes

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Closet Queens

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hidden homosexuals

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Crimes Without Victims

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crimes that are described as "legislative morality" in which there is no identifiable vicitm other than the person himself

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Decriminalization

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the lessening of penalties attached to a particular behavior

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Exhibitionism

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individuals who gain sexual excitement bny sexually exposing themselves in order to shochk their victims
ex: flashers

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Fetishism

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when individuals have a sexual fixation on objects, attire,or parts, usually associated with the opposite sex
ex: feet, lingerie

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Floodgate Theory

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the belief that deciminalization of some illegal behavior will open the gates to a flood of illegal activity

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Folk Crime

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crimes that everyone commits
ex: traffic violations

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Harrison Act

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an anti-drug act passed in 1914 that required a doctor's prescription for narcotics and cocaine

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Incest

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sexual activity between individuals whoa re viewed as too closely biologically related

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Johns

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customers of prostitutes

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Moral Entrepreneurs

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those who benefit by labeling activity as criminals

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Overcriminalization

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the overuse of the criminal law as an attempt to control deviant activity

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Pedophilia

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sexual child molestation

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Problem Drinking

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alcoholism

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Public Order Crime

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vice crimes or crimes without victims

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Sodomy

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laws forbidding particular types of sexual activity

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Tearoom

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a slana slang term for public restooms that are used for homosexual liasions

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Voyeurism

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those who gain sexual excitement by secretly observing unknowing victims

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Brainwashing

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a form of drastic resocialization of personality

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Brainwashing Myth

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the belief that the term "brainwashig" was created by intelligence agencies in order to justify bizarre mind control experiments

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COINTELPRO

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a secret FBI program, to discredit legitimate social movements

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Crimes Against Government

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political crimes against the government, from protests to terrorism

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Crimes By Government

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political crimes by the government, from human rights violations to genocide

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Enterprise

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secret organization withing the Reagan White House that was responsible for the Iran-Contra affair

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Espionage

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spying, the stealing of secrets

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Genocide

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the eradication of a group

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Hamas

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in Arabic, "fervor" or "zeal", an Islamic resistance movement

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Hate Crime

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a bias crime that is movtivated by dislike of a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin

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Hezbollah

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an Islamic terrorist group whose name means "party of God"

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Human Rights

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right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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Ideology

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a distinctive belief system

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Nuremberg Principle

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a precedent established at the Nuremberg trials that says that, if aperson has a conflict between morality an immoral orders, one is to obey morality

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Operation Chaos

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a secret CIA program to investifate activities of domestic groups

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Patriarchal Crime

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crime that is committed in the name of male dominance

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Political Crime

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crime that is committed for idealogical reasons

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Project Bluebird

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secret CIA mind control research

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Raison d' Etat

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Machiavelli's notion that any means are necessary in order to protect the state

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Sancuary Movement

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a U.S. social movement in the 1980's that attempted to provide refuge for illegal political refugees from Latin America

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Secret Police

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domestic security police whose purpose it is to protect the existing regime from violent overthrow

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SMICE

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an acronym for the method of recruiting spies: sex, motivation, ideology, commitment, and ego

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Sub Rosa Crime

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another name for espionage (literally "under the rose")

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Terrorism

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the purposeful targeting of innocents for political purposes in order to spread fear and intimidation

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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a United Nations declaration that calls for the respect of human rights