Criminology Chapter 9

Front 1

Criminal Career

Back 1

Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A patter of persistent offending across the life course

Front 2

Developmental theories

Back 2

The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics

Front 3

Life course theory

Back 3

Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events.

Front 4

Propensity theory

Back 4

The view that a stable unchanging feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality makes some people crime prone

Front 5

latent trait

Back 5

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality that makes some people crime prone over the life course.

Front 6

Trajectory theory

Back 6

The view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders.

Front 7

Population heterogeneity

Back 7

The propensity to commit crime is stable. Those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course

Front 8

State dependence

Back 8

The propensity to commit crime is constantly changing, affected by environmental influences and changing life events.

Front 9

Early Onset

Back 9

The view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career/

Front 10

Life course theory, how young can the onset start?

Back 10

AS early as when you are a toddler. If major life transitions get interrupted, you are more prone for crime.

Front 11

What does being apart of a gang promote?

Back 11

Antisocial behavior.

Front 12

Early onset and what are the causes?

Back 12

Early onset is the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career.

The causes are inadequate emotional support, distant peer relationships, and psychological issues, and problems. (Such as ADHD and Conduct disorder.) Poor parental discipline.

Front 13

Problem behavior syndrome (life course)

Back 13

Antisocial behaviors that cluster together, including family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as criminality.

Front 14

Age graded theory

Back 14

A state dependence theory formulated by Sampson and Laub that assumes that the causal associating between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior involves the quality of relationships encountered at different times in human development

Front 15

Continuity of crime (Life course theory)

Back 15

Past criminality is a indicator of future criminality.

Front 16

Turning points

Back 16

According to laub and sampson the life events that alter the development of a criminal career

Front 17

Social capital (age graded theory)

Back 17

Positive, life sustaining relations with individuals and institutions

Able to create turning points that stave off a criminal career. As well as living in a better home environment, better friends and wife.

Incarcerated parents erase all social capital and influences a child towards crime.

Front 18

Cumulative disadvantage

Back 18

The tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and under mine success.

Front 19

Love, marriage, and criminality (Age graded theory )

Back 19

Supportive spouses help desist crime. If you significant others loves and supports you knowing you had issues with the law as youth you are more prone to quit criminality.

In teens relationship with love are they only ones that work. Sex only relationships actually facilitate crime

Front 20

Three developmental theories

Back 20

Front 21

Breaking up

Back 21

Increases delinquency and drug use in men and women in this state

Front 22

How valid is age-graded theory?

Back 22

Pretty valid. Issues are with the timeline. DO people stop commiting crime only after the have a mate, or when they meet their mate.

Front 23

schemas

Back 23

Cognitive frameworks that help people quickly process and sort through information

Front 24

Criminogenic knowledge structure

Back 24

The view that negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships, preference for immediate rewards and a cynical view of conventional norms.

Front 25

What is latent trait/Propensity theory

Back 25

James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein. Personal traits mixed with social variables cause people to choose crime. Assumes the propensity to commit crime is stable , but opportunities fluctuate. We age out because age and social connections lower opportunities to commit.

Front 26

General theory of crime

Back 26

Gottfredson and Hirchi's developmental theory that links crime to impulisivity and a lack of self-control

Front 27

Self control

Back 27

Refers to a persons ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings, emotion, reaction, and behaviors

Front 28

Impulsive

Back 28

Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making. An impulsive person lacks close attention to details has organizational problems, and is distracted and forgetful, Criminals are impulsive risk takers.

Front 29

What causes low self control to develop?

Back 29

Parents who don't punish bad behavior when it occurs. Who don't pay attention. Parents who are criminals are causes for a child to develop low self control

Front 30

Impulsivity, biological causation

Back 30

Could be genetic, those with antisocial disorders that run in the family tend to pass it on. Could be due to a heart defect, those with low resting heart rate tend to seek out exciting things to be normal, And could be a birth defect. Those who didn't get proper air during the birthing process tend to be more impulsive.

Front 31

Criticisms of the GTC

Back 31

Impulsivity is only one of many personality traits correlated with crime.

It does no explain racial and gender differences.

People change and so does their level of self control.

Front 32

Trajectory Theory, the basic principles

Back 32

More than one path to crime. More than one class of offender.

Front 33

What are offending trajectories?

Back 33

A school yard bully becomes an abusive husband. It remained the same type of offense but evolved.

Front 34

Authority conflict pathway (A pathway to crime)

Back 34

Pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Front 35

Covert pathway (A pathway to crime)

Back 35

Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, lead to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud.

Front 36

Overt pathway (A pathway to crime)

Back 36

Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting and eventually escalates to violent crime.

Front 37

Adolescent-limited offenders

Back 37

Kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood.

Front 38

Life course persisters

Back 38

Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue t offend well into adulthood.

Front 39

Abstainers

Back 39

Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a pat that places them outside the norm for their age group.

Front 40

Late starters?

Back 40

Those who are diagnosed later in life with a disorder, which causes them to commit a crime.