Criminology

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Marcus Felson's 10 Myths:

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1) The dramatic Fallacy
2) The Cops and Courts Fallacy
3) The Not-Me Fallacy
4) The Innocent Youth Fallacy
5) The Ingenuity Fallacy
6) The Organized-Crime Fallacy
7) The Juvenile Gang Fallacy
8) The Welfare-State Fallacy
9) The Agenda Fallacy
10) The Whatever-You-Think Fallacy

Front 2

Criminology is built on 3 foundations:

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1) Theory - Relationships between categories of phenomena.
2) Research - Studies that criminologists conduct to test theories / generate new ones.
3) Conceptualization - Used for classifying objects, persons, relationships, or events.

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3 conceptualizations:

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1) Crime as legal construct.
2) Crime as normative violation.
3) Crime as social control.

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Actus Reus:

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The mere physical criminal act.

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Means Rea:

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The willful quality of a criminal act.

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Mala In Se:

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Crimes perceived historically and cross-culturally as wrong.

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Mala Prohibita:

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Crimes that are condemned through prohibition.

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3 stages of criminal events:

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1) Precursors
2) Transactions
3) Aftermath

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Precursors:

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Relate to the way the law defines acceptable behaviour in society and to the ways people define morality

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Transactions:

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The exchanges that take place during the event. Include the offender's behaviour, role of the victim and the effects of third parties have on the event.

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Aftermath:

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The consequences of the crime, including harm to the victim, the punishment of the offender, and public reactions to the crime.

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Criminal events, like all forms of social events,

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have a beginning and an end.

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Excuse:

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Denial of responsibility for an acknowledged wrongful act. (Individual admits act was wrong but denies responsibility.)

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Justification:

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Accepting responsibility for the act while denying the immorality of the act.
(Individual accepts responsibility for act but denies its immorality.)

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Mandatory Charge Rule

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Legal/procedural regulation that requires police, in domestic violence cases, to make an arrest when they have physical evidence that an assault has taken place.

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Defensible Space:

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The physical design of a place that may deter an offender.

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Social Domains:

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Major spheres of life in which we spend most of our time and energy.

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3 most important social domains:

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1) The family and household.
2) Leisure.
3) Work.

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Duress Defence

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Influence used to force an individual to commit an act that they otherwise would not have committed.

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Insanity:

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It's up to the defence to prove insanity.

Prosecution is not required to prove sanity.

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Where do criminal laws come from?

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Laws arise from a social consensus about morality and the need to respond to types of events in particular ways.

Reactions to crime have more to do with power, conflict and inequality than with social consensus.

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Battered Woman Syndrome

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Sense of helplessness felt by women who come to believe that they can neither leave an abusive relationship nor effectively act to reduce the violence.

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Offenders Perceptions:

2 types of offender accounts:

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1) Excuses.

2) Justifications.

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Canadian General Social Survey (GSS)

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National survey that has a focus criminal victimization, crime prevention behaviour and perceptions of crime.

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Proactive Policing:

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Police involvement in incidents as a result of their own investigative/patrol activities.

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Reactive Policing:

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Police involvement in criminal events at the request of a member of the public.

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Direct Observations in Naturalistic Settings
Limitations:

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1) May not be very efficient.
2) Usually secretive behaviour.
3) Methods raise ethical issues.
4) Limited to the types of questions they can answer.

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Aggregate UCR Survey:

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Records the total number of crime reported to police.

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Victimization surveys are valuable for several reasons:

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1) They collect information directly from the victim and can tell about crimes that were not reported.
2) Data are collected from both victims and non-victims over a given period.
3) Enable us to investigate consequences of victimization and ways that victims cope with consequences.

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Classical School:

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Theories that views the offender as a "rational person" who would be deterred only by threat of sanction.

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Hedonism:

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Principle of seeking pleasure and minimizing pain.

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Karyotype Studies:

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Compare size, shape, and number of chromosomes in individuals. Y has a higher probability of being larger.

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Crime Gene

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Certain genes may be linked criminally.

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Sheldon method called somatotyping:
3 basic types of body build:

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1) Endomorphic - Viscerotonic
2) Ectomorphic - Cerebrotonic
3) Mesomorphic - Somatotonic

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Twinkie Defence:

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Diminished mental capacity due to an over-consumption of junk food.

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5 hypothesis: (Learning Disabilities)

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1) School Failure
2) Susceptibility
3) Differential Arrest
4) Differential Adjudication
5) Differential Disposition

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Techniques of Neutralization:

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1) Denial of responsibility - Crimes resulted from conditions beyond their control.
2) Denial of Injury - Reject claim that crime resulted in harm.
3) Denial of the Victim - Suggests victim were to blame for what happened to them.
4) Condemning the Condemners - Negative evaluations others make of offenders.
5) Appealing to Higher Loyalties - Actions necessary in order to meet obligations to family/peers.