Criminal Justice Midterm

Front 1

Corrections

Back 1

A variety of programs, services, facilities, organizations that are responsible of managing those who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

Front 2

Social Control

Back 2

Actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society.

Front 3

System

Back 3

Complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and are influenced by the environment in which they live in.

Front 4

Federalism

Back 4

System of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national and state governments.

Front 5

Prison

Back 5

institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

Front 6

Jail

Back 6

facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and people sentenced misdemeanors for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; sometimes part of state government.

Front 7

Probation

Back 7

Agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to jail or prison.

Front 8

Intermediate sanctions

Back 8

A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration

Front 9

Parole

Back 9

A system of supervision of those who are released from confinement; sometimes due to early release

Front 10

Penitentiary

Back 10

Institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past wrong doings, to repent, and thus undergo reformation

Front 11

Seperate confinement

Back 11

penitentiary system developed in PA where inmates were held in complete isolation

Front 12

Congregate system

Back 12

penitentiary system developed in Auburn NY where inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.

Front 13

Lease system

Back 13

inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for labor

Front 14

mark system

Back 14

A system where offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing based on the severity of their crime. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.

Front 15

Reformator

Back 15

Institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

Front 16

Medical Model

Back 16

model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.

Front 17

Community corrections

Back 17

model of corrections based on assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system.

Front 18

Crime control model of corrections

Back 18

model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Front 19

Evidence-based corrections

Back 19

a movement to ensure correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "What works"

Front 20

History of Corrections

Back 20

Penitentiary, Reformatory, Progressive, Medical, Community, Crime Control

Front 21

Lex talionis

Back 21

Law of retaliation

principle that punishment should proportional to the offense

Front 22

Enlightenment- Age of Reason

Back 22

1700s Europe, concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, & individualism dominated social and political thinking

Front 23

Utilitarianism

Back 23

doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted.

Front 24

Retribution

Back 24

Deserved punishment.

The severity of the sanction should fit the seriousness of the crime.

Front 25

General Deterrence

Back 25

punishment that is intended to be an example to the general public to discourage them from committing future crimes

Front 26

Specific deterrence

Back 26

punishment to discourage them from committing future crimes

Front 27

Incapacitation

Back 27

depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes, usually by detaining the offender in prison

Front 28

Selective incapacitation

Back 28

Making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarcerating those offenders whose incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society.

Front 29

Rehabilitation

Back 29

The goal of restoring the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through vocational training, educational services, and therapy.

Front 30

Restorative Justice

Back 30

Punishment designed to help restore community and victim, and to help reintegrate offender back into the community.

Front 31

indeterminate sentence

Back 31

period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms so that parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment.

Front 32

Determinate sentence

Back 32

fixed period of incarceration imposed by a court, associated with the concept of retribution

Front 33

Presumptive sentence

Back 33

sentence where legislature sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances.

Front 34

Mandatory sentence

Back 34

sentence stipulating that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of certain crimes, regardless of their background or circumstances.

ex. DWI automatic 30 days

Front 35

Good time

Back 35

reduction of prison sentence at the discretion of the administrator for good behavior or participation in vocational, educational, and treatment programs

Front 36

Intermediate sanctions

Back 36

punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration

Front 37

probation

Back 37

sentence allowing offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while living in the community under supervision.

Front 38

shock probation

Back 38

sentence where offender is released after a short incarceration and re-sentenced to probation

Front 39

blameworthiness

Back 39

amount of blame the offender deserves for the crime

Front 40

sentencing guidelines

Back 40

instrument developed for judges, indicating the usual sanctions given previously to particular offenses.

Front 41

sentencing disparity

Back 41

divergence in the length and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned

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wrongful conviction

Back 42

occurs when innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict

Front 43

Legistlative

Back 43

make laws/statutes

enact laws, make bill

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Executive

Back 44

Law enforcement

police

fbi

dea

FEDERAL STATE & COUNTY

Front 45

Judicial

Back 45

Courts- STATE AND FEDERAL

Front 46

Executive

Back 46

CORRECTIONS

probation

parole

jail

prison

Front 47

Burden of proof

Back 47

have to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt

Front 48

Process ( protects the system)

Back 48

probable cause, warrant for probable cause (prosecutor reviews) prosecutor signs warrant, sends everything to judge, judge gives permission for police to make arrest.

Front 49

Courtroom work group

Back 49

prosecutors and attorneys discuss what they have. both want justice so they decide on a punishment upon the going rate

Front 50

goign rate

Back 50

they know what similar cases have gotten as punishment, they want a plea bargain

Front 51

Nolle

Back 51

prosecutional discretionary rule- deciding not to prosecute the case at this time. the case is not dismissed, it stays on record for 13 months. if case is not picked back up before then then the case is dismissed and taken off the record.

Front 52

Boykin

Back 52

you cant accept a plea if guilt in a federal case, designed more to protect the court.

Front 53

Alford plea

Back 53

you agree there are extensive amounts of evidence that no matter what you will be sentenced, you can do this to get lesser charge.

Front 54

Who sentences?

Back 54

Judicial branch- judges refer to set of laws given by the legislative branch.