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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What perspective on crime assumed that causes/correlates of crime are essentially social in nature (both micro and macro)?
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Sociological Perspective
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What perspective of crime assumes that prevalent/incidence of crime rates and rate of participation in crime rate varies by personal and social indicators?
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Sociological Perspective
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The Sociological perspective assumes that crime rates vary based on what two things?
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personal indicators
social indicators |
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Name some examples of personal indicators
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race, age, sex
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Name some examples of social indicators
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poverty, unemployment
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Name the three foci of the sociological view on crime.
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1. Ecological distribution of crime
2. Effects of social change on crime 3. Interactive nature of crime and criminal conduct |
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Name the three major theoretical domains of the sociological perspective on crime.
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1. Structural views
2. Social process views 3. Social Conflict views |
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In what sociological perspective domain do conditions of society 'push' people into crime and criminal behavior?
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Social Structural View
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In what sociological perspective domain believes that a disadvantaged class position is likely the primary cause of crime?
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Social Structural View
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Name four examples of the social structural view domain
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-Structural functionalism (Durkheim)
-Social Disorganization (Shaw and McKay) -Social Strain (Merton) -Cultural Deviance (Miller, Cohen, Cloward, Ohlin) |
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Who theorized Structural functionalism?
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Durkheim
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Who theorized social disorganization?
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Shaw and McKay
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Who theorized social strain?
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Merton
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Who theorized cultural deviance?
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Miller, Cohen, Cloward, Ohlin
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What domain of the sociological perspective on crime believes that criminality is a function of a by-product of our socialization experiences?
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Social Process view
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What domain of the sociological perspective on crime believes that all people have the potential to become crime directed or crime ridden?
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Social Process View
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Name 3 examples of the social process view
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-social learning (Sutherland)
-social control (Hirschi, Reckless, and others) -social labeling (Tannenbaum, Lemert, Becker) |
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Who theorized social learning?
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Sutherland
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Who theorized social control?
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Hirschi, Reckless, and others
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Who theorized social labeling?
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Tannenbaum, Lemert, Becker
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What domain of the sociological perspective on crime believes that criminal behavior is a function of the tension and conflict within society?
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social conflict view
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What domain of the sociological perspective on crime believes that crime is a product of class struggle over scarce resources in society?
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social conflict view
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What domain of the sociological perspective on crime includes marxism and various extensions?
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social conflict view
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What view on crime assumes that forces in society such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality 'push' people into crime?
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Social Structural view
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In what view on crime assumes a disadvantaged socio-economic class position is likely a primary link, correlate or cause of crime?
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Social Structural View
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What theory on crime assumes that crime theory should focus on more macro issues and structural variation is key?
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social structural view
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What sees society as resembling a biological organism; each part is critical to the whole?
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Structural functionalism
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What sees that deviance and crime are nor abnormal behaviors?
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structural functionalism
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What is known as a state of normalness, people are free to deviate, no regualtion?
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Anomie
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What believed in Anomie?
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structural functionalism
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What says that anti-social behavior like crime serves a purpose?
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Structural Functionalism
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What believes in "purposeful function?"
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structural functionalism
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Name Durkheim's four functions
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-Affirms cultural values and norms
-clarifies moral boundaries -promotes social unity -encourages social change |
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What theory on crime focuses on economic instability and disadvantage at neighborhood level?
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Social Disorganization Theory
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What theory on crime considers role of deteriorating neighborhoods and residential instability affecting crime?
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social disorganization theory
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What theory on crime looks at the impact of inadequate/weak social control?
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social disorganization theory
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What theory on crime assumes that identities effect of population heterogeneity on community structure and crime?
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social disorganization theory
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What theory on crime sees conflict in and between social value system?
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social disorganization theory
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In what view on crime are conditions in the urban environment said to affect crime rates?
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Social Disorganization
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Name 6 conditions of the urban environment said to affect crime?
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-Decline of community, physically and economically.
-Lack of employment opportunities. -Rising fear of being a victim of crime -High population turnover -Persuasive and persistent poverty. -Weak or absent social control mechanisms. |
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What two theorists focused on social disorganization?
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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
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What view on crime offers and ecological (spatial distribution) approach?
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Social Disorganization
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What theory asks why crime rates are higher in transient or changing neighborhoods?
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Social Disorganization
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What theory suggests the social fabric of the community or neighborhood as a causal link?
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Social Disorganization
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What theory views family and and schools as controls as weak and disorganized?
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Social Disorganization
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What theory of crime introduces the notion of concentric zones?
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Social Disorganization
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What are Concentric zones?
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Crime like cities grow "outward" from the core (or central business districts)
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Which theory on crime follows the concept of the inverse distance law?
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Social Disorganization
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What is the inverse distance law?
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-Highest rates of crime are zone 1 and 2
-As move away, or out from the core of a city, the rate of crime will decrease. |
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What demonstrated that crime is a product of an area's social ecology,particularly social disorganization in urban areas?
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Chicago School
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In what issue does crime occur due to lack of absence of social control at the community level?
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Chicago School
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In what issue did people compete for resources and people exist in a world of mutual dependence?
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Parks and Burgess
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In what issue did immigrants start in the middle of the city and move outwards into father zones.
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Parks and Burgess
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Name the four zones under Parks and Burgess
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1&2- immigrants, zone of transition, Bad crime ridden
3- working-class homes 4-residual zones |
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What theory on crime focuses on the conflict between goals or society and means to acquire them?
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Social Strain Theory
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What theory on crime studies the role of unequal distribution of money, wealth access, and accumulation power?
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Social Strain Theory
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What theory of crime highlights the use of alternative methods to achieve the "American Dream" (Success)?
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Social Strain Theory
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Who theorized structural strain?
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Robert K. Merton
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What theory on crime applies Durkhiem's notion of "anomie" to the imbalances and inconsistencies found in society?
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Structural Strain
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What is anomie?
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a state of "normlessness, free from constraint; prone to engage in deviance/crime
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What theory on crime believed in anomic state?
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Structural Strain
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What theory on crime does society's emphasis on success create competition which leads to inherent levels of personal crime?
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Structural Strain
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Why theory in crime thinks that when we lack means to achieve a desired goal, often seek an alternative, sometimes illegitimate means?
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Structural Strain
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What theory on crime combines features of both social disorganization and social strain views?
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Cultural Deviance
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What theory on crime highlights the importance of conventional and criminal subcultures?
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Cultural Deviance
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What theory on crime stresses the existence of subcultural values that are likely to cause opposition to the conventional value system of society?
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Cultural Deviance
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What is the definitional view of subcultures?
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-Share a common bond, set of values, beliefs, and traditions
-May reject the prevailing norms and cultural values and/or beliefs of larger society. -May organize their behavior around norms of the group to which they belong. -In the 'extreme' may also reject the rules and laws that govern civil society. |
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What assumes people living in deteriorated areas react differently to social inequality and economic deprivation?
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Cultural deviance/subculture strain
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What assumes the deprived population likely develops a unique culture in response to (structural) strain?
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Cultural deviance/ subculture strain
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Name three notable theorists for the cultural deviance/ subculture strain?
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Walter Miller
Albert Cohen Clifford Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin |
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Who focused to explain rise of delinquent subcultures?
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Walter Miller and Albert Cohen
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Who believed that deprived youth processes a different value set?
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Walter Miller and Albert Cohen
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Who's emphasis is on such issues as street-wise-intelligence-being tough, evading the law?
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Walter Miller and Albert Cohen
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Who turned to mainstream value system on its head-adopting its anti-thesis?
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Walter Miller and Albert Cohen
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Who saw crime and delinquency viewed as a protest against the norms of the middle-class?
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Walter Miller and Albert Cohen
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Who is responsible for the differential opportunity theory?
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Clifford Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
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What theory on crime adopted the ideas of structural strain, similar to Merton's view?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What theory on crime believes that people, regardless of social/class position share the desire to be successful?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What theory on crime argues that the deprived have limited access to the (legitimate) mechanisms to achieve success?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What theory on crimes' main idea is one of the "blocked opportunities"?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What is blocked opportunity?
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Under conditions of strain... the deprived resprt to crime, violence and deviance to get what they want and desire
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What theory on crime assumes that non-conformity is increased by the access to accumulations of illegitimate opportunities?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What theory on crime believes that to curb crime, must expand the legitimate opportunity structure in society?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What theory on crime must recognize equality of opportunity does not (in practice) mean equal access to every person in every class, at every level?
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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What view on crime assumes that criminality if a function of individual socialization?
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Social Process View
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What view on crime assumes that all of us, regardless of race, gender, or class, have the underlying potential to engage in crime?
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Social Process View
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What view on crime assumes the KEY in the process is how one acquires or becomes criminal, deviant, or delinquent?
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Social Process View
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What view on crime assumes criminality is NOT an automatic outcome?
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Social Process View
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What theory of crime assumes crime and delinquency are learned behaviors?
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Social Learning Theory
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What theory of crime assumes we learn the techniques to commit crime... and the attitudes to support crime... in close and intimate relationships with criminal peers?
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Social Leaning Theories
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In what theory on crime is the thematic statement "People are born GOOD but learn to be BAD"?
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Social Learning Theory
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What theorist was behind the differential association theory?
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Edwin Sutherland
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What theory on crime assumes propensity (likelihood) for crime is socially transmitted, not inherently on or for any person?
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Differential Association Theory
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What theory on crime assumes not all associations are equally important' some are critical to the learning process than others?
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Differential Association Theory
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Name four factors that influence our association
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Frequency
Intensity Duration Priority |
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What is frequency?
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how often one interacts
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What is Intensity?
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the prestige/value given to association
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What is duration?
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the endurance or lasting quality
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What is priority?
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the timing (stage) in one's life that the association occurs
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What theorist was responsible for the differential reinforcement theory?
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Ronald Akers
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What theory on crime uses Sutherland's work as a foundation?
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differential reinforcement theory
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What theory on crime accepts that crime is a learned response?
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differential reinforcement theory
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What theory on crime assumes that learning occurs in close proximity with those around us, including our social environment?
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differential reinforcement theory
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What theory on crime incorporates psychological learning theory popularized by B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura?
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differential reinforcement theory
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What believes that behavior, including criminal is... Shaped, strengthened, and weakened?
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differential reinforcement model
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What says that whether criminal behavior begins or persists, depends on the degree to which it is rewarded or punished?
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Differential reinforcement model
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What believes that if undesirable behavior is consistently rewarded (person rarely gets caught), it is likely to continue?
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differential reinforcement model
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What theory of crime is a theoretical approach combining sub-cultural strain and social learning perceptive?
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Neutralization Theory
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Name the three provisions of Matza's Drift Hypothesis?
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1. Drift
2. Subterranean Converse 3. Techniques of Neutralization |
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In Matza's drift hypothesis what is "drift"?
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an episodic release from moral constraints.
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In Matza's drift hypothesis what is "subterranean converse"?
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the blending of conventional culture with deviant, criminal or delinquent sub-cultures.
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In Matza's drift hypothesis what is "techniques of Neutralization"?
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justifications for behavior which allows person to engage in unlawful acts without suffering psychological maladjustment of cognitive dissonance.
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What is a drift hypothesis?
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-Drift is a state of being freed from society's moral grip.
-Person is "set-free" due to the combined influence of subterranean convergence and neutralization techniques. -Drift does not automatically result in crime, deviance, or delinquency, requires a neutralized process to occur. -The now neutralized individual must be induced to commit crime. -To complete the cycle.. there must be a will -Will... may be activated by either preparation or desperation. -Mataza's drifter is continually caught between conventional and deviance, never to either one continually. |
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Name Mataza's four techniques of neutralization
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1. Denial of a victim
2. Denial of injury 3. Denial of responsibility 4. Appeal to higher loyalties |
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What is denial of victim?
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victim (target) deserves it
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What is denial of injury?
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offender overlooks or discounts the harm inflicted
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What is denial of responsibility?
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offender might say "everyone else is doing it, what is the issue?"
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What is appeal to higher loyalties?
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-gang activities
-allegiance to friends (peer-group) is stronger than the offender's loyalties to the law (and other conventional aspect of society.) |
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What position under the Conflict View argues that punitive (punishment) crime control (use of incarceration and retribution) is counterproductive?
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Peacemaking Criminology
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What position under the Conflict View wants to turn the justice system into the "healing" process?
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Restorative Justice
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What position under the Conflict View argues that offenders and victims should make efforts to reconcile rather than be adversaries?
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Restoartive Justice
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What view argues that powerful groups use the law to protect their vested interests--to maintain the status quo?
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The Power Relations View (General Conflict Theory)
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What view argues that the law protects the rich and powerful?
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The Power Relations View
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What theory of crime assumes that crime occurs in the absence of or due to the failure of a social control system?
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Social Control Theory
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What theory on crime assumes that motivation to commit crime is constant?
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Social Control Theory
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What theory on crime assumes in most societies, existence of crime is a given?
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Social Control Theory
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What theory of crime focuses to explain "why people conform?"
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Social Control Theory
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What theory on crime assumes that everyone has the potential to commit crime?
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Social Control Theory
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What theory on crime assumes that crime is most likely to occur when our connections to society are weak, broken, or in a state of disarray?
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Social Control Theory
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What theory on crime has the thematic statement "people are born bad and must be controlled in order to be good."?
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Social Control Theory
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What views social controls, not moral values, help maintain order and security in society?
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Travis Hitschi's Social Bond View
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What views the onset of criminality is due to a weakening connective linkages(ties) that bind people to society?
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Travis Hitschi's Social Bond View
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What views that all people are potential law violators?
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Travis Hitschi's Social Bond View
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The Power Relations View argues that social groups struggle to control scarce resources of society. What are those 4 scarce resources?
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1. Power
2. Wealth 3. Privilege 4. Prestige |
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For Karl Marx, the class struggle involved two groups. What were they?
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The elite & the proletariat (the workers)
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What theory argues that the reaction of social audience helps us to define what acts are criminal?
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Labeling or Social Reaction Theory
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What theory argues that ones likelihood of being brought under control by legal authorities is a function of ones race, wealth, gender, and social standing?
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Labeling or Social Reaction Theory
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What is the primary interest of the labeling view?
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The formation of the criminal career of lifestyle
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What are some consequences of labeling?
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- Creates a stigmata for the individual
- Person can become a social outcast - leads to degradation and assignment of often irreversible and permanent labels |
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What can lead to 'self-fulfilling prophecy'- people say you are a bad kid so you inevitably act like one.
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Labeling
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What historical period identifies labeling as an independent (causal) factor?
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Pre-1960's
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What historical period indentifies labeling as a dependent (effect) condition?
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Post-1960's
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Who is the father of the Labeling Theory?
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Frank Tannenbaum
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What views that most of us are kept under control by the fear that an illegal act will damage our relations with friends, parents, neighbors, work associates, and the community at large?
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Travis Hitschi's Social Bond View
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Name the four main elements of the social bond theory
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1. attachment
2.. commitment 3. involvement 4. belief |
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What is attachment?
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-Our care of feelings about others and their opinion of us
-The more sensitive we are to their view, the less likely we are to hurt or disappoint them. |
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What is commitment?
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-Out investment of energy or emotion in more conventional activities, such as getting an education or holding a job.
-The more committed we are, the more we have to loose, we break the law. |
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What is involvement?
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-Our engagement or time spent in conventional activities.
-The more time spent, the less likely opportunity to deviate from conformist behaviors. |
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What is belief?
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-Our degree of acceptance of the rules and norms of conventional society.
-Are the laws/norms of society correct and they should be obeyed. -The greater the acceptance of a norm as just or fair, the less likely one is to deviate. |
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Who theorized the "general theory on crime"?
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Michael Gotterfred and Travis Hirschi
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What theory explains all crime at all times, and... many forms of behaviors that are not formally sanctioned by the state?
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A general theory of Crime
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What theory rejects traditional theories of crime as being too narrow?
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A general theory of Crime
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What theory believes that most disciplines consider only a central concept?
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A general theory of Crime
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What theory believes that traditional views are incompatible with the nature of crime, which they define as "an act of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interests."?
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A general theory of Crime
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Who viewed behavior in terms of the classical (choice) approach to crime?
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Gottfred and Hirschi
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Who's issue is what constrains crime, not what causes it to occur?
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Gottfred and Hirschi
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Who's thesis statement is "all crime stems from a person's lack of self-control?"
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Gottfred and Hirschi
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What are the characteristics of a person with low self control?
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-Seek immediate gratification adopting what is called a "here-and-now" attitude.
-Look for easy and simple ways to gratify their desires. -In crime, this person finds excitement, risks, and thrills. -Typically have little stability in their lives. -Are self-centered, indifferent or insensitive to suffering and needs to others around them. -have little tolerance for frustration' easily angered. -tend to respond to situations physically rather than verbally. |
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Who argues that passing through the justice system is a dehumanizing experience that strips a person to former identity?
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Frank Tannenbaum
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Frank Tannenbaum suggests seeking alternatives to labeling such as the Four D's. What are they?
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1. Decriminalization
2. Diversion 3. Due Process 4. Deinstitutionalization |
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Who argues that it is key to understand the importance of primary and secondary acts of crime/deviance?
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Edwin M. Lemert
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What is the primary act of crime/deviance?
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the initial act/event
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What is the secondary act of crime/deviance?
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the act which is a response to labeling
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What is low-self esteem primarily the product of?
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poor parenting or ineffective child rearing
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What theory of crime assumes crime can function to restore a sense of control in life of the offender?
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Control Balance Theory
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What theory of crime assumes most people seek or have a strong desire for autonomy, both personally and professionally?
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Control Balance Theory
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What theory of crime assumes we desire to be independent and escape the control that others want to impose on us?
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Control Balance Theory
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What theory on crime assumes problems occur when opportunity is blocked?
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Control Balance Theory
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What theory on crime assumes our ability to overcome most blocked opportunities originates in our control ratio?
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Control Balance Theory
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What is control ratio?
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-The degree to which a person exercises or wields control compared to... the degree to which he or she experiences or is subjected to control that is imposed by others.
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When a person's control ratio is in balance crime is...
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low and minimal level
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Who believes that the focus is on society's response, NOT on the person or what he or she did?
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Edwin M. Lemert
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Who believes that the focus is on wha the person brings with them--their personal and social characteristics?
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Howard Becker
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Howard Becker argues that the labeling process is dependent on four priorities. What are they?
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1. Social resources: level of power/authority one possesses.
2. Social distance: degree of separation between participants. 3.Commodity tolerance: how much population is willing to accept 4.Visiblility of person: degree and amount of exposure given |
