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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Property Crimes
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taking money and/or property without use or threat of violence. theft, break & enter, possession, fraud, MVT. vast majority of property offenders are young, uneducated and poor. Increasing number of wealth offenders.
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property crime laws
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- originated in 18th century england
- newly emerged economic class of traders and industrialist needed protection of the law |
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measuring property crime
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- police recorded crime has been decreasing since 1962
- O'Grady uses MVT and break & enter - insurance companies require police report, thus this stat is reliable - declining rate may be due to increase in security tech |
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credit card fraud
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- one type or property crime that's increasing
- refers to when card is not actually seen - don't always come to attention of police, investigation handle by financial institution |
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deterrence theory
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- based on Classical School Deterrence theory
- poplar with law makers, conservatives - trend towards min. sentence, longer sentences - "truth in sentencing" - empirical research offer little support - criminal only deterred if certain they will get caught - harsher sentencing may actually increase re-offending |
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crime as social event
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- should take into account all factors of situation
- police, media, courts, witnesses - understand social character of crime |
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situational adversity
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- decision to commit property crime, largely shaped by social forces
- socioeconomic background plays great role - homeless youth more likely to commit property crime - shaped by social forces beyond the control of individual |
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morality and consensus
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- same as mala prohibita
- what is simply wrong vs what may be considered wrong |
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crimes of morality
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- may not cause harm to victim, if there is one
- offend some social norm - laws change to reflect moral standard, but rarely fast enough to keep up |
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tolerable deviance
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- society demands people suppress instinct and play by the rules
- despite rules, theres room for individual freedom, if deemed not harmful - possession of certain tolerable "legal" drugs ignored by court |
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the harm principle
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- john stuart mills, 19th century, student of jeremy bentham
- preserve individual rights - tyranny of the majority - rejected legislation of morality - legal sanction be restricted to acts that cause harm |
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prostitution in Canada
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- technically "legal" in Canada
- brothels , pimping illegal since beginning of law - supreme court struck down prostitution laws in December 2013 - june 2014, gov introduced new bill c-36, which would criminalize selling or buy sexual activities |
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the protitutes
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- not all enter prostitution due to desperation
- some call girls/escorts come from upper/middle class - make lots of money - provide a value service to society |
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subculture of prostitution
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- social learning is essential
- need "skills" to be successful - many view themselves higher than those who work low paying jobs, or marry for financial reasons |
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illicit drugs
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- psychoactive drug pursued throughout history and condemned
- anti-law drugs based on thinking drugs are immoral and society needs protection - legality of substance more to do with characteristics than evidence based harm - greatest harm comes from legal drugs |
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gangs
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Frederick thrasher, 1927:
1. unplanned origin 2. face-to-face relations 3. sense of organization 4. tendency to meet hostile element, can precipitate cooperative planned conflict 5. common tradition or heritage 6. guards turf |
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definition of gangs
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- hundreds of others since Frederick
- some say at least 3 members, others 5 - most now say gang must be criminal - absence of criminality makes definition too broad |
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recording gang related activities
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- imprecise, subject to manipulation
- gang member may commit crime for own benefit and not gang's |
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youths and gangs
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- 3394 toronto students, 2000 GSS
- 88.8% never been gang members - current members higher crime rate - 70% of gang member carried gun/knife - 73% of former/present members sold drug 10+ times |
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gang violence
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- research indicates gangs increase violent behavior
- more likely to be victim of serious crime - violent victimization rate rises when involved with gang, drops when not |
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demographics of gangs
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209 people, qualitative interview:
-·83% of gang members were male - 63.1% came from a singleparent family - 43.1% self-identified asblack; 32% mixed race or other ethnic minority; 24.8% as white - 13.8% grew up in childprotective systems - 76.1% born in Canada |
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ethnicity and crime
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- Canada does not collect stats on race
- research usually done by correctional institution |
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The Great Debate
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Julian Roberts:
- difficult to classify people in multi race society - police have no training in such matters - may result in discrimination Thomas Gabor - people should not determine what people can and cannot know - free society, no censorship - if one race is more involved in crime, public should know |
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gangs across canada
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- 96% in sask aboriginal origin
- 58% in AB, MA aboriginal - 51% QB black - 47% NS caucasian, 48% black - 37% BC asian, 46% gang more than one ethnicity |
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cause of gang violence
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- social disorganization theory, cultural transmission theory, differential association theory
- poor neighborhood more likely to have gang violence - peer pressure, family and friends |
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gang supression
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- police gang unit, database, crackdowns
- target high profile members - failed to reduce gang activity |
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weed and seed
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- begins with removing gang member from community
- followed by long term community development - gov more weeding less seeding |
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white-collar crime
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- edwin sutherland, chicago, 1939
- crime committed by person of high or respectable social status - cost of white-collar crime greatly exceed crime committed by poor - companies used legal threats to keep names out of 1949 book |
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distinction of white-collar crime
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- material privilege
- influence on legal system - occupational context - complexity - public ignorance - wide impact - corporate context |
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corporate crime
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- committed for corporation or on behalf of corporation
- price fixing, hazardous products, wastes, safety |
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fraud
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- settled in civil court, where plaintiff had better chance of re-compensation
- 2011, Conservatives ordered 2 year min. sentence for 1 mil+ |
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bribery
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- 1975, program about coming clean on bribery, 400 US companies, $300 mil +
- Lockheed, $24 million, claiming legal, just business |
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Market Manipulation
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- pump and dump, bs about stocks and sell
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price fixing
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- competitors agree on set price
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cost of white-collar crime
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- ~20-40x greater than street crime
- 1/3 employee steal from employer - up to $400 bil |
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level 1 gangs
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- loosely formed groups
- periodic unorganized crime for fun - no leadership or hierarchy |
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level 2 gangs
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- together for at least a year
- no hierarchy - frequent, planned criminal activities |
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level 3 gangs
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- together at least a year
- leader/hierarchy, clear leader and followers - planned crime, control illicit activities, drug deals |
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level 4 gangs
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- together for 5+ years
- sophisticated hierarchy - both legal and illegal activities - international business - organized crime |
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gang violence
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- 12 to 24 year olds
- 25-33% homicides - not precises, varies too much |
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green criminology
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- new area of study, linking to white-collar crime
- environmental disasters due to corporate negligence - many not treated as crimes |
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regulatory capture
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- refers to regulatory agencies recruiting experts from ranks of private industries
- experts have been known to put private companies before agencies due to extensive ties |
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male victim
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more likely homicide, 2 & 3 assault, attempted murder, robbery
- in public, involve a weapon, with stranger or acquaintances |
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female victims
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more likely sexual assault, assault lvl 1, forcible confinement, criminal harassment
- at home, with loved ones or ex |
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safer city approach
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- collaboration approach, involve federal gov, prov gov, neighborhood agencies
- social development and environmental design - research show positive results |
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sexual deviance
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- sexual behavior influenced by morals, social and culture expectations, religion
- varies by time location and perspective - most agree sex offence against children are wrong |
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stranger danger
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- total ********
- 60% of stalkers are imitate sex partners or ex - child abduction by estranged parents - 80% of sex acts against children are by someone close to them |
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sexual recidivism rates
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- rates are low
- longer offender does not re-offend, less likely that he will |
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risk-need responsivity model
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1. risk principle - given limited resources, max attention for those at highest risk of re-offending
2. need principle - match treatment with the needs to the individual being treated 3. responsivity principle - tailor intervention to abilities, learning style and motivation of offender |
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paraphilia
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- any intense and persistent sexualinterest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation and preparatoryfondling with phenotypically normal, physiologically mature, consenting humanpartners
- include pedophilia, sexual sadism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, frotteurism |
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public notification of sexual offenders
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- permitted under community safety legislation
- notification only includes law enforcement, and need-to-knows, flyers - decision on level of public awareness decided by police and high-risk offender committee |
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dangerous offender's registry
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1. involve in serious personal injury offence
2. history of aggressive behavior 3. failure to restrain him/herself 4. indifference to consequence of behavior 5. in case of sexual offender, failure to control sexual impulses |
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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- attempts to equip with new skills, attitudes that help to control over sexual urges
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relapse prevention
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- often used with cognitive behavioral therapy
- identify trigger that lead to re-offending |
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good lives model
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- attempts to maximize human potential and individual strengths provide with offender may be missing
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assault level 1
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- common assault
- no weapons - no injuries |
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assault level 2
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- involves weapons
- bodily harm |
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assault level 3
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- wounded, maiming, disfigured the victim
- aggravated assault |
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man slaughter
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- unintentionally killing
- involves negligence on the offender |
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1st degree murder
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- high degree of planning
- moral blame |
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2nd degree murder
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- intentional
- does not have the same degree of planning |
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subculture of violence
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- Wolfgang and Ferracuti, 1967
- very little homicide are intentional - certain subcults regard aggressiveness as normal |
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Elijah Anderson
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- built on Wolfgang's work
- described culture in poor, black neighborhoods - |
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sexual assault level 1
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- no injuries
- unwanted touching or kissing |
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sexual assault level 2
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- involve weapon,or threat of harm
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sexual assault level 3
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- aggravated sexual assault
- endangering life, wounded |
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categorizing sexual offenders
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- danger and risk
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forensic clinical model
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- starting 19th century
- campaigned for indeterminate sentencing for psychopaths or sexual perverts - offenders not released until experts felt they were cured |
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community protection appraoch
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- rather than focusing on treatment, wanted harsher sentencing, surveillance
- sex/dangrous offender's registry |
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differential association thery
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- edwin sutherland, chicago school
- criminal behavior is learned through social interactions |
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symbolic interactionism
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- chicago school
- meaning and reality are socially constructed using symbols, signs, gestures, and words |
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neutralization
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- Gresham Sykes, David Matza
- part of differential association theory - way of justifying crime 1. denial of responsibility 2. denial of injury 3. denial of victim 4. condemnation of condemners 5. appeal to higher loyalties |
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Labeling Theory
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- Howard Becker
- stigma affixed through decriminalization lead individuals to develop sense of deviancy |
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Anomie-Strain Theory
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- anomie coined by Durkheim, meaning state of lawlessness
- Robert Merton's theory - dysfunction existed between cultural goals - opportunity blocked by institutional means |
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Concentric Zone Model
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- Robert Park, Ernest Burgess
Zone 1: central business district Zone 2: transition zone Zone 3: workingmen's homes Zone 4: residential zone zone 5: commuter's zone |
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Social Control Theory
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- Emile Durkheim
- individuals would behave immorally if left to their own devices - social bonds, collective beliefs, law, social institutions restrain individuals wants and aspirations |
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Social Bond Theory
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- travis Hirschi
1. attachment 2. commitment 3. involvement 4. belief - if all 4 working, person would not be criminal |
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interactional theory
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- Terrence Thornberry
- combine social learning and social bond - works both ways |
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Life-Course developmental Theory
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- Robert Sampson, John Laub- life time trajectory
- social capital |
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Lifestyle Exposure Theory
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- Hinelang, Gottfredson, Harofalo, 1978
- victims have similar lifestyles as offenders - age, gender, social class, ethnic origin |
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Routine Activities Theory
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- 1979, Lawrence Cohen, Marcus Felson
- similar to lifestyle exposure theory 1. motivated offender 2. suitable target 3. absence of capable guardian |
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social inequality
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- motivation for economic gain
- unemployed/poor living in city centres higher victimization rates - high income reduce victimization, less exposure to risks |
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Structural Choice Model
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- Miethe and Meier
- social inequality |
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Metroreef
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- marcus felson - divergent metropolis- expanding city sprawl into suburbs |
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features of metroreef
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dispersion of construction - single homes, large parking lots, low rise buildings proliferating households - young people leave household spreading of people over many vehicles
dispersing activities away from home |
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criminal event theory
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- examines precursors, transactions, and aftermath
- involves offender, victims, witnesses, bystanders, criminal justice personnel |
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typical offender
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- young males, 17-24
- poor, unemployed - 15% of population but 45% of violent crime and 32% of property crime |
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typical victim
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- young males, 17 - 24
- poor, minorities - little difference between genders |
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Kansas City Experiment
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- 1972-1973
- proactive vs reactive policing - 15 shifts, 5 proactive, 5 reactive, 5 control - no significant changes in crime rates - no reception of safety |
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hot spots
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- crime generator or crime attractors
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hot dots
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- individuals victimized repeatedly
- 19% victimized 2x, 20% 3+ |
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crime pattern theory
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- much like routine activities theory
- Patricia and Paul Brantingham - nodes, paths, edges |
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nodes
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- crime generator/attractors
- entertainment districts, large crowds, malls, office buildings - place where offenders are attracted to |
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paths
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- criminal commit crime near normal paths
- roads, ways of transportation - hot spot cluster near major roads - get in get out |
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edges
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- edges of environment
- forest ending at a lake, 8-lane freeway - perceptual change in land |
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theory of least effort
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- felson Zipf's 1950 principle of least effort
- people find easiest way to do something |
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principle of most obvious
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- felson
- offenders go for easy obvious targets - will not travel far |
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the punitive turn
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- extensive media coverage of horrendous crimes
- victim's right's group - private prison industry |
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critical criminologists
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- agree that punitive turn linked to politicians trying to please voters
- despite decreasing crime rate, incarceration rate rising |
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critical criminology
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- large range of critical theories
- assume power is unequally distributed - identify oppression, oppose oppression - common with radical feminism, left-realists, post-modern theories - question basic assumption of society and purpose of law |
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marxism
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- society must be understood by social conflicts, class relations
- inequalities caused by capitalism - critical crim diverge from this |
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neo-marxism
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- Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, Jock Young
- incorporated Marxism into interactionist criminology - laws oppress the poor, marginalize working class |
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Critical Race Theory
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- emerged 1970s
- race is social construction, label/stigma placed on person which effects opportunities |
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left realism
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- developed to claims that early critical crim where left idealists
- blames capitalism - John Lea, Jock Young - compensation not incarceration relative deprivation subculture marginalization - social/economic process that blocks opportunities |
