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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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strategic organization |
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience |
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mian points |
the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain 2 to 5 main points. |
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Chronological order |
a method of speech organization which the main points follow a time pattern |
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Spatial Order |
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern |
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Causal Order |
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship |
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Problem-Solution |
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
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Topical order |
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics |
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Supporting materials |
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony. |
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Connective |
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them |
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Transition |
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another |
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Internal preview |
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next |
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Internal summary |
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points |
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Signpost |
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas |
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Parts of Introduction |
Attention Getter Audience Relevance Credibility Central Idea Preview Main Points |
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Rhetorical question |
A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud |
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Credilibity |
The audience's perception of whether a speaker's qualified to speak on a given topic |
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Goodwill |
The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind |
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Preview statement |
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body |
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Crescendo ending |
A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity |
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Dissolve ending |
A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement |
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Preparation outline |
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion and bibiliography |
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Visual framework |
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speaker's ideas. |
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Bibliography |
A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech |
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Speaking outline |
A brief outline used to jog the speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech |
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Delivery cues |
Directions in the speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech |
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Denotative meaning |
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
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Connotative meaning |
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase |
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Thesaurus |
A book of synonyms |
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Concrete words |
Words that refer to tangible objects |
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Abstract words |
Words that refer to ideas or concepts |
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Clutter |
Disclosure that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea |
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Imagery |
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas |
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Simile |
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
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Cliche |
A trite or overused expression |
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Metaphor |
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
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Rhythm |
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words |
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Parallelism |
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases or sentenses |
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Repetition |
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences |
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Alliteration |
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words |
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Antithesis |
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure |
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Inclusive language |
Language that does not stereotype, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or other factors |
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Generic "he" |
The use of "he" to refer to both women and men |
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Nonverbal communication |
Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words |
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Manuscript speech |
A speech that is written out out words for word and read to the audience |
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Impromptu speech |
A speech delivered with little to no immediate preparation |
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Extemporaneous speech |
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes |
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Conversational quality |
Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed |
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Volume |
The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice |
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Pitch |
The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice |
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Inflections |
Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
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Monotone |
A constant pitch or tone of voice |
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Rate |
The speed at which a person speaks |
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Pause |
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech |
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Vocalized pause |
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er" and "um" |
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Vocal variety |
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness |
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Pronunciation |
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language |
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Articulation |
The physical production of particular speech sounds |
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Dialect |
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar and vocabulary |
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Kinesis |
The study of human motions as a systematic mode of communication |
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Gestures |
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech |
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Eye contact |
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person |
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Graph |
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns |
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Line graph |
A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space |
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Pie graph |
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns |
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Bar graph |
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items |
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Chart |
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form |
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Font |
A complete set of type of the same design |
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Types of visual aids |
Objects and models Photographs and drawings Graphs Charts Video The speaker Powerpoint |
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Informative speech |
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding |
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Object |
Anything that is visible, tangible and stable in form |
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Process |
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product |
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Event |
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening |
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Concept |
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle or the like |
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Description |
A statement that depicts a person, event, idea or the like with clarity and vividness |
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Comparision |
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
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Contrast |
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
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Personalize |
To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experiences of the audience |
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Persuasion |
The process of creating, reinforcing or change people's beliefs or actions |
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Mental dialogue with the audience |
The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech |
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Target audience |
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most want to persuade |
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Question of fact |
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion |
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Question of value |
A question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action |
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Question of policy |
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
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Speech to gain passive agreement |
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy |
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Speech to gain immediate action |
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy |
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Need |
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change for current policy? |
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Burden of proof |
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary |
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Plan |
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? |
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Practicality |
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? |
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Problem-solution order |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
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Problem-cause-solution order |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to a problem |
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Comparative advantages order |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions |
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Monroe's motivated sequence |
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action. |
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Ethos |
The name used by Aristotle for which modern student of communication refer to as credibility |
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Credibility |
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character |
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Initial credibility |
The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak |
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Derived credibility |
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he say and does during the speech |
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Terminal credibility |
The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech |
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Creating common ground |
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes or experiences of the audience |
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Evidence |
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something |
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Logos |
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
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Reasoning |
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basic of evidence |
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Reasoning from specific instances |
Reasoning that moves form particular facts to a general conclusion |
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Reasoning from principle |
Reasoning that moves form a general principle to a specific conclusion |
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Causal reasoning |
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship betwen causes and effects |
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Analogical reasoning |
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar causes and infers that what is true fro the first case is true for the second |
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Fallacy |
An error in reasoning |
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Hasty Generalization |
A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence |
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False cause |
A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second |
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Invalid analogy |
An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike |
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Bandwagon |
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable |
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Red herring |
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
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Ad hominem |
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
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Either-or |
A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternative when more that two alternatives exist |
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Slippery slope |
A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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Appeal to tradition |
A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new |
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Appeal to novelty |
A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old |
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Pathos |
The name used by Aristotle for what modern student of communication refer to as emotional appeal |
