Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What happens to CO, BP and GFR in pregnancy
|
CO: increase
BP: decrease then normalizes GFR: increase |
|
|
TX for the following:
Trypanosoma: Leishmania: Entamoeba: Toxoplasma: |
Trypanosoma: Nifurtimox
Leishmania: sodium stiboglugonate Entamoeba: Met Toxoplasma: Sulfdiazine Pyrimethamine |
|
|
what nerve is responsible for erection
|
pelvic
remember this is parasympathetic Pelivic, Parasymp, Point |
|
|
what nerve is responsible for emission?
what about ejac? |
emission: hypogastric
ejac: pudendal both are sympathetic |
|
|
what structure in the seminiferous tubule secretes androgen binding protein, anti-mullerian hormone, and inhibin?
what hormone activates these |
Sertoli cell
makes the blood testis barrier support sperm synthesis FSH |
|
|
what cell in men secretes testosterone
what hormone activates these cells |
leydig
LH |
|
|
what accumulates if you have a failure of Meiosis I? II?
|
I: primary spermatocytes
II: secondary spermatocytes |
|
|
MOA of flutamide?
Use? |
competitive inhibitor of androgens at the testosterone receptor
prostate cancer |
|
|
T/F with BPH you have hypertrophy of the prostate
|
FALSE
Hyperplasia |
|
|
alpha 1 antagonist used to treat BPH?
|
Tamsulosin
hits the alpha 1AD receptor specific to prostate |
|
|
what BPH drugs work fastest? Which will lower your PSA
|
fastest: alpha blockers
lower PSA: 5alpha reductase inhibitors |
|
|
what will happen with PSA in prostate cancer
|
decreased fraction of free PSA
|
|
|
What consideration must you make when evaluating prostatitis
|
<35 --> Gonorrhea/ Chlamydia cause
>35-->UTI bugs |
|
|
malignant, painless testicular enlargement with fried egg appearance
|
Seminoma
|
|
|
Schiller Duval bodies
|
Yolk Sac
young kids (3 y) |
|
|
Reinke crystals, androgen producing, gynecomatia in men, precocious puberty in boys...
|
Leydig cell tumor
|
|
|
Old man with tumor on the ball
|
testicular lymphoma
|
|
|
what testicular tumor fits the following
composed of cytotrophoblasts and synctiotrophoblasts: histologic appearance similar to kiolocytes: histologically may have alveolar or tubular appearance sometimes with papillary convolutions: |
composed of cytotrophoblasts and synctiotrophoblasts: choriocarcinoma
histologic appearance similar to kiolocytes: seminoma histologically may have alveolar or tubular appearance sometimes with papillary convolutions: Embryonal |
|
|
55 yo man on tx for BPH has increased testosterone and decreased DHT as well as gynecomastia and edema...medication?
|
Finasteride
|
|
|
infertile pt with bag of worms
|
varicocele
vericose vein of the balls |
|
|
what is the MOA of clomiphene
use? |
partial agonist at pituitary estrogen receptor in the hypothalamus
ends up preventing normal feedback inhibition leads to increased release of LH and FSH which stimulates ovulation used to tx infertility and PCOS |
|
|
what is the male homologue of the following female structure:
Vestibular bulbs: labia minora: bartholin glands: |
Vestibular bulbs: corpus spongiosum
labia minora: ventral shaft of penis bartholin glands: bulbourethral |
|
|
Furosemide and thiazides can cause what problem
|
gout
|
|
|
corticosteroids and heparin can cause what
|
Osteoprosis
|
|
|
what drugs are assoc with SJS
|
Seizure
Sulfa -cillin drugs |
|
|
Expired tetracyclines can lead to what problem
|
Fanconi syndrome
peeing out stuff you shouldn't (glucose, phos, etc) Heavy metals and Wilson's can do this too |
|
|
Methicillin, NSAIDs, and furosemide can cause what
|
interstitial nephritis
|
|
|
nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus can be caused by what
|
Lithium (demeclocycline too)
|
|
|
what anti-depressant lowers the seizure threshold
|
Buproprion
smoking cessation |
|
|
what TB drug has an increased risk of seizure?
|
Isoniazid
|
|
|
what drugs tend to cause tardive dyskinesia
|
Typical antipsychotics
|
|
|
pt with tinnitus, dizziness, headaches, and GI distress. What drug caused this
|
Quinine
Quinadine |
|
|
most common herediatry bleeding disorder
|
vWillebrand disease
|
|
|
HLA b27 associations
|
PAIR
Psoriasis Ankylosing sponylitis IBD (ulcerative colitis) Reiters |
|
|
HLA DR3/4
|
DM 1
RA SLE |
|
|
holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral rgurg
|
|
|
most common cause of secondary HTN
|
Renal dz
chronic kidney dz or renal a. stenosis |
|
|
young female with HTN
|
OCPs
|
|
|
infection secondary to blood transfusion
|
hepatitis C
|
|
|
what is eisenmenger's syndrome
|
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L->R becomes R->L)
|
|
|
malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkins
|
|
|
most common malignant skin tumor
|
Basal Cell
|
|
|
Most common causes of MR
|
FAS
Downs F X |
|
|
mets to bone
|
PT barnum loves kids
Prostate thyroid Testes Breast Lung Kidney |
|
|
mets to brain
|
Lung
Breast Skin kidney GI |
|
|
most common cause of mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart dz
|
|
|
mixed UMN/LMN dz
|
ALS
|
|
|
most common cause of myocarditis?
|
Coxsackie B
or echovirus |
|
|
most common neoplasm in kids?
|
1. ALL
2. cerebellar astrocytoma |
|
|
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids? adults?
|
kid: MC
Adults: Membranous |
|
|
which ER is associated with synthesis of secretory proteins, and thus are found in mucus secreting goblet cells and antibody secreting cells?
Which is used for steroid synth and detoxification of drugs/poison |
secretory: Rough
Detox: Smooth (seen in liver and adrenal cortex) |
|
|
what three amino acids are used in the golgi
|
SAT
serine asparagine threonine |
|
|
coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement due to failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate
|
I-cell dz
will see Inclusion bodies |
|
|
COPI vs COPII with respect to the Golgi
|
COPI: Golgi --> ER (retrograde)
COPII: RER-->cis-Golgi (anteriograde) |
|
|
what protein is involved in transporting an endocytosed vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome?
|
Clathrin
|
|
|
what molecule targets proteins in the ER for lysosomes? What does failure of this process lead to?
|
Mannose-6-phosphate
failure of addition leads to I cell dz |
|
|
immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect. Results in male and female infertility, bronchiectasis, and reucrrent sinusitis. What does this pt have? what else might you see
|
Kartagener's syndrome (primary cilliary diskinesia)
Situs inversus the kindergarten cop hit you so hard your organs are reversed |
|
|
microtubule polymerization defect resulting in decreased phagocytosis. Pt will have pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy
|
Chediak Higashi syndrome
|
|
|
what cell membrane lipid is converted to arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2
|
Phosphatidylinostitol
|
|
|
what enzyme do corticosteroids inhibit that prevents the formation of arachidonic acid?
|
Phospholipase A2
|
|
|
MOA of Zileuton
|
inhibits lipoxygenase from making leukotrienes
|
|
|
MOA of Zafrilukast and montelukast
|
inhibit leukotrienes from causing bronchoconstriction
|
|
|
COX will lead to the formation of endoperoxides which can then lead to 3 things, one of them is the following. What does it do:
Prostacyclin (PGI2) |
decrease platelet aggregation
vasodilation decrease uterine tone |
|
|
COX will lead to the formation of endoperoxides which can then lead to 3 things, one of them is the following. What does it do:
Prostaglandins (PGE2) |
decrease vascular tone
increase pain Increase uterine tone increase temp |
|
|
COX will lead to the formation of endoperoxides which can then lead to 3 things, one of them is the following. What does it do:
Thromboxane (TXA2) |
increase platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
|
|
|
arachadonic acid is made into what from COX and LPO (immediate step after)
|
LPO: Hydroperoxides
COX: Endoperoxides |
|
|
What hormones use cAMP
|
FLAT CHAMP
FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH MSH PTH |
|
|
what uses cGMP as secondary signal
|
vasodilators
ANP, NO |
|
|
what uses IP3 as secondary messanger
|
posterior pituitary stuff
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH |
|
|
IGF, FGF, and PDGF use what 2ndary messenger? what else uses this
|
intrinsic tyrosine kindase
Insulin |
|
|
what type of collagen are the following--
tendon skin: cartilage: uterus: nucleus pulposis: bone: granulation tissue: basement membrane: fetal tissue: |
tendon: 1
skin: 1/3 cartilage:2 uterus: 3 nucleus pulposis: 2 bone: 1 granulation tissue:3 basement membrane: 4 fetal tissue: 3 |
|
|
hydroxylation of specific proline and lysine residues requires what in order to synthesize collagen
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
what inhibits collagen synthesis
|
glucocorticoids
this is why you can use them to tx keloids |
|
|
what type of collagen is affected in Ehlers-Danlos
|
Type III
|
|
|
male with hearing problem and visual disturbances is peeing blood. collagen effected?
|
Type IV
Alports |
|
|
what normally inhibits elastase
|
alpha-1-antitrypsin
|
|
|
what is a cysteine protease the cleaves after aspartic residues (and executes apoptosis)
|
Caspase
|
|
|
which of the following is associ w/ extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis
Mitochondrial: Ligand: utilizes caspase: utilizes bcl and bax: |
Mitochondrial: Intrinsic
Ligand: Extrinsic utilizes caspase: Extrinsic utilizes bcl and bax: Intrinsic |
|
|
post surgical why do you keep bandages on for 24 hours
|
to let epithelialization occur (heal the skin)
|
|
|
What are 2 important supplements for wound healing
|
Zinc
Vitamin C |
|
|
compare trasudate vs exudate in the following manners--
Protein: Due to hydrostatic pressure Due to lymph obstruction |
Protein:
Transudate: low protein Exudate: high protein Due to hydrostatic pressure: Transudate Due to lymph obstruction: Exudate |
|
|
What are the 3 major things you should think of when you see apple green birefringence?
|
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Alzheimers Multiple Myeloma all amyloid |
|
|
Which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect
Increased bronchial tone: decreased bronchial tone: increased platelet agg: decreased platelet agg: increased uterine tone: decreased uterine tone: increased vascular tone: decreased vascular tone: |
Increased bronchial tone: leukotrienes
decreased bronchial tone: PGE2 increased platelet agg: thromboxane decreased platelet agg: PGI increased uterine tone: PGE2 decreased uterine tone: PGI increased vascular tone: Thromboxane decreased vascular tone: Cyclin/glandin |
|
|
what is responsible for rolling, tight binding and diapedis
|
rolling: selectins
Tight bind: integrins: diapedis: PECAM |
|
|
GFAP is a marker for what
|
Glioblastoma
|
|
|
in the CNS, what cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in an HIV pt
|
Microglia
|
|
|
what neural cell looks like fried eggs on HE
|
oligodendroglia
|
|
|
what cells are destroyed in Guillain barre syndrome and NF2
|
schwann cells
|
|
|
what nervous system cell matches the following:
damaged in MS macrophages of the CNS Form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected with HIV |
damaged in MS:
macrophages of the CNS: microglia Form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected with HIV: Microglia |
|
|
What type of sensory corpuscle does the following---
Position sense, static touch, adapts slow: Position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapts quick: vibration and pressure: pain and temp: |
Position sense, static touch, adapts slow: Merkel
Position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapts quick: Meissner's vibration and pressure: Pacinian pain and temp: Free nerve endings |
|
|
muscle length monitoring:
muscle tension: |
length: spindle
tension: golgi |
|
|
what pathway do you target when treating for psychosis with drugs? (positive sx)
|
mesolimbic pathway
|
|
|
what 2 things are needed to make GABA
|
Glutamate and B6
|
|
|
what hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for the following:
Hunger: Satiety: Cooling/Parasympathetic: Heating, sympathetic: Circadian rhythm: |
Hunger: Lateral area
Satiety: Ventromedial Cooling/Parasympathetic: Anterior Heating, sympathetic: Posterior (her hot posterior makes me wanna shoot my load) Circadian rhythm: Suprachiasmatic |
|
|
what are the motor nuclei of the thalamus
|
VA/VL
|
|
|
a cerebellar lesion will affect what side of the body
|
ipsilateral
|
|
|
which portion of the cerebellum is associated w/ voluntary movements of extremities?
balance? |
voluntary move: Lateral
balance: medial |
|
|
what happens with activation of the substantia nigra pars compacta
|
activates the direct pathway
which inhibits GPi which then allows for movement (inhibit the inhibitory path) |
|
|
what happens in the indirect pathway
|
inhibits GPe (which was inhibiting the GPi)
this leads to activation of the GPi which then inhibits movement INDIRECT INHIBITS MOVEMENT |
|
|
what effect does the subthalamic nucleus have on movement
|
inhibits it
(by activating GPi, which inhibits movement) |
|
|
the lenticulostriate arteries (which come from the middle cerebral a.) supply what
|
the basal ganglia
|
|
|
pt has a stroke and then has sudden wild flailing of the left arm
what is this and where is the lesion |
Hemiballismus
right subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
motor and sensor loss to the legs...what artery
|
ant cerebral
|
|
|
motor and sensory loss to the face...what artery
|
middle cerebral a
|
|
|
vision...what artery
|
posterior cerebral a
|
|
|
a lesion where would cause the following:
can't write, calculate or distinguish L/R: reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness: Wernicke Koraskoff: |
can't write, calculate or distinguish L/R: left parietal lobe
reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness: reticular activating system Wernicke Koraskoff:: mammillary bodies |
|
|
pt is hypovolemic. He is given an IV and then gets acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, and diplopia. What happened?
|
Central pontine myelinolysis
caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia |
|
|
what supplies both wernikie and broacas area
|
middle cerebral
|
|
|
where is the lesion
agraphia and acalculia eyes look away from side of lesion Dysarthria Intention tremor |
agraphia and acalculia: left parietal
eyes look away from side of lesion: PPRF Dysarthria: cerebellar vermis Intention tremor: cerebellar hemisphere |
|
|
child with hydrocephalus, what 2 tumors could it be? what distinguishes
|
Medulloblastoma: Homer wright rosettes
Ependymoma: Perivascular pseudorosettes |
|
|
bitemporal hemianopia in a child...supratentorial
|
Craniopharyngioma
calcification is common |
|
|
what primary brain tumor fits the following description:
polycythemia a/w VHL foamy cells high vascularity |
Hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
what primary brain tumor fits the following description:
Pseudopalisading necrosis (what else has this appearance) |
Glioblastoma multiforme
(basal cell ca) |
