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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Descriptive Statistics
involves procedures for summarizing sample data
Inferential Statistics
logical system for estimating population characteristics from sample descriptions
What are the three pictorial ways information can be shown?
bar graph, frequency polygon or in a histogram
Where does the scores or values (x) appears on which axis and their frequency appears on which axis?
scores/values on the horizontal axis

frequencies on the vertical axis
What are the three key indices of a distrobution's central tendency?
mean, medium and mode
what are the three common indices of the dispersion of scores in a distrubution?
range, variance and standard deviation
How to you solve the variance?
Σd² ÷ N-1
How do you solve for the standard deviation
the square root of the variance:
√Σd² ÷ √N-1
what is a statistic?
numerical characteristic of a sample
what is a parameter?
numerical characteristic of a population
Explain the sampling error
estimates probable deviations of population parameters from sample statistics at some specified level of confidence
what is the magnitude of sampling error?
function of the homogeneity of the populaion from which the radom sample was drawn and the sample size
Research Hypothesis
a particular kind of relationship exists between or among populations
Null Hypothesis
no relationship exists
When the level of confidence is <.05 what does that really mean?
Over the long run, researchers will reject a null hypothesis when it is actually true about 5% of the time.
what is a type 1 error?
aka Alpha Error, results from rejecting a true null hypothesis
what is a type 2 error?
beta error, results from accepting a false null hypothesis
When do you use a t-test?
when you have
-two samples, one of which are samll
when do you use a z-test?
for mwan differences between two large samples
when do you use a chi-squared test?
analyzing differences among two or more frequency tables of moderatly small to large sizes
when do you use a contingency table analysis?
it tests for differences among the frequency categories of two or more independent variables