Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is perception? |
Our sensory experience of the world around is and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli |
|
|
What are the 5 senses that make up perception? |
touch, sight, taste, smell, hearing |
|
|
What is proprioception? |
A set of senses involving the ability to detect changes in body positions and movements |
|
|
What are the 8 steps of the perceptual process?
|
1) Environmental stimulus 2) Attended Stimulus 3) Image on the retina 4) Transduction 5) Neural Processing 6) Perception 7) Recognition 8) Action |
|
|
What is environmental stimulus? |
Everything in our world that has the potential to be perceived |
|
|
What is attended stimulus? |
The specific object in the environment on which our attention is focused |
|
|
What is transduction?
|
The process in which the image on the retina is transformed into electrical signals. It allows the visual messages to be transmitted to the brain to be interpreted. |
|
|
What is recognition? |
Our ability to interpret and give meaning to an object |
|
|
What is the Cocktail Party Effect? |
The phenomenon of being able to focus ones auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli. (tuning in/tuning out) |
|
|
Who conducted attention experiments in which participants listened to two different messages from a single loudspeaker at the same time and tried to separate them? |
Colin Cherry (1953) |
|
|
Who created the filter model? |
Donald Broadbent |
|
|
Who developed the attention model? |
Anne Treisman |
|
|
What is reality? |
The true state of things; how things really are, whether we perceive them to be as such or not. |
|
|
What two important factors determine our ability to multitask? |
1) The similarity of the tasks 2) How well practiced we are at the task |
|
|
Which factors determine the amount and type of info we choose to attend to, as argued by Kahneman? |
1) Our physiological state 2) Our enduring dispositions 3) Our momentary intentions |
|
|
What is cognitive psychology? |
Focuses on the way humans process info, looking at how we treat info that comes in to the person (stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. -variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output (perception, attention, language, memory, thinking) |
|
|
When did the term cognitive psychology come into use? |
In 1967 with the publication of the book Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser |
|
|
Which 3 factors contributed to the important of cognitive psychology in the 1950s? |
1) Dissatisfaction with the behaviorist approach in its simple emphasis on behavior rather than internal processes 2) Development of better experimental methods 3) Comparison between human and computer processing of information |
|
|
What gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor it needed to investigate the human mind? |
The arrival of the computer |
|
|
What does cognition mean and how is it studied in general? |
-Cognition means "knowing" -psychologist study cognition which is "the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired" -laboratory experiments are used to study behavior |
|
|
What did computers help psychologists understand? |
Complexities of human cognition by comparing it with something simpler and better understood |
|
|
Which approach is applied to the cognitive perspective to discover human cognitive processes? |
Nomothetic Approach |
|
|
What is a major criticism of cognitive psychology and why? |
The widely used memory test (lab experiment) because it lacks ecological validity. |
|
|
Who's work restored the interest in mental processes? |
Piaget and Tolman |
|
|
Who introduced the terms input and output? |
Norbert Wiener (1948)- "Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" |
|
|
Who introduced the experiment of training rats in cages and cognitive maps? |
Tolman (1948) |
|
|
The birth of cognitive psych often dates back to? |
George Miller's (1956) "The Magical Number 7 Plus or Minus 2" |
|
|
Who developed the General Problem Solver? |
Newell and Simon (1972) |
|
|
Who founded the Center foor Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960 with famous cognitivist developmentalist Jerome Bruner? |
Miller |
|
|
Who marks the official beginning of the cognitive approach? |
Ulric Neisser (1967) "Cognitive Psychology" |
|
|
Who created the Multi Store Model (process models of memory)? |
Atkinson and Shiffron (1968) |
|
|
The cognitive approach is highly influential in which areas of psychology? |
all- (biological, social, behaviorism, development, etc.) |
|
|
B.F Skinner |
criticizes the cognitive approach as he believes that only external stimulus- response behavior should be studied as this can be scientifically measured. Therefore, mediation processes do not exist as they cannot be seen and measured
|
|
|
Who created introscpection? |
Wilhelm Wundt (often regarded as the father of psychology) |
|
|
Who continued to find problems with cognitive research methods, namely introspection? |
Skinner- due to its subjective and unscientific nature |
|
|
Who is Carl Rogers and what does he believe? |
Humanistic psychologist- believes that the use of lab experiments by cognitive psychology have low ecological validity and create an artificial environment due to the control over variables. |
|
|
What approach does Carl Rogers emphasize to understanding behavior? |
Holistic |
|
|
What is behaviorism? |
Assumes that people are born a black slate (tabula rasa) and are not born with cognitive functions like schemas, memory, perception. |
