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368 Cards in this Set

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What is a theory?
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
Why was classical and operant conditioning studied originally?
To study the effects of stimuli on behavior.
What was there a movement away from, and where did it move toward?
Movement away from counting on introspection (simply asking people to report on their internal experiences) and toward a systematic and precise evaluation and testing of theories.
What is a theory?
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
Who was the Russian physiologist who studied salvation in dogs?
Pavlov.
Who used cats and puzzle boxes which led to his Law of Effect?
Thorndike.
What type of conditioning did Pavlov use?
Classical conditioning.
What is the Law of Effect?
Behavior followed with some sort of reinforcement to increase behavior.
What is the Law of Effect a precursor to?
Operant conditioning.
Who is considered the "Father of Behaviorism"?
Watson.
Who claimed A --> S --> R?
Skinner.
Who shifted from stimulus-response to response-stimulus (and also named a famous box after himself)?
Pavlov?
Who proved that emotions may be conditioned?
Watson.
This person developed Systematic Desensitization.
Joseph Vulpe.
What is systematic desensitization?
The gradual exposure to a feared stimulus.
What is systematic desensitization?
Based on classical conditioning.
Give an example of systematic desensitization.
Pairing competing responses together (ex. relaxation).
What was the Bobo doll representative of? Who used this? What is unique about this?
Modeling. Bandura. Reinforcement is not required.
What is social learning theory?
Look up?
What was there a movement away from and toward?
Movement away from counting on introspection (simply asking people to report on their internal experiences) and toward a systematic and precise evaluation and testing of theories.
Why were classical and operant conditioning studied solely to understand?
Understand the effects of stimuli on behavior. (over time principles were extended into treatments).
Name 4 types of today's therapies.
1. Exposure therapy.
2. Antabuse.
3. Aversion therapy.
4. Token economy.
Give an example of classical conditioning?
NS (counting) --> UR (air horn) --> UR (startle, fear) --> CS (counting) --> CR (anxiety
What is Rockman's three factor theory?
1. Higher order/
What is classical condition?
Occurs when an UCS, which always results in an UCR, is
2. paired with a NS,
3. resulting in the NS becoming a
4. CS that elicits a CR on its own (without the presence of the US).
Define the parts of CC.
1. Neutral stimulus (NS): Stimulus that evokes no response.
2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Stimulus that always elicits a reflex response without learning (e.g. poison).
3. Unconditioned Response: response to US that always occurs without learning (e.g. vomiting).
4. Conditioned stimulus (CS): Formerly neutral stimulus that, through association learning has come to elicit a CR resembling the UCR.
5. Conditioned Response (CR): Response to CS that is similar (but usually weaker) than UCR.
Give an example of extinction.
1-2-3-4 (CS) without air horn (US) until 1-2-3-4 no longer elicits (CR) anxiety (but is not unlearned).
Give an example of spontaneous recovery.
Following extinction, anxiety returns in response to 1-2-3-4, though less intense and will again disappear.
Give an example of generalization.
5-6-7-8; a-b-c-d; 4-3-2-1 also cause anxiety.
Give an example of discrimination.
Only 1-2-3-4, NOT 5-6-7-8, etc. cause anxiety.
What is higher order conditioning?
Condition fear to a neutral stimulus WITHOUT pairing it with the UCS (air horn).
1-2-3-4 + air horn = fear
1-2-3-4 = fear
1-2-3-4 + knock knock
Knock knock = fear
How is sensory preconditioing different from higher order?
Difference in order:
1-2-3-4 + knock knock = 0
1-2-3-4 + air horn = fear
Knock knock = ?
What is autoshaping
A type of classical conditioning.
ex. A pigeon is presented with a stimulus (disk) and given food anytime disk is illuminated WITHOUT GIVING ANY RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR.
-After multiple pairings, pigeons peck disk anytime it is illuminated even thought don't NEED to do it in order to get food --> will even do this if doing so makes it impossible TO get food.
Describe pseudoconditioning.
Mere exposure to a UCS causes an increased response to a CS even if the two were never paired/conditioned (e.g. following exposure to air horn, you flinch/feel nervous in response to some stimulus, like a light).
Describe sensitization.
Mere exposure to a CS causes an increased response (e.g. 1-2-3-4 causes response without being paired)
Name 5 factors that affect conditiong.
1. Time
2. Novelty/Previous exposure.
3. Intensity.
4. Contingency.
5. Number of pairings.
What are four factors which affect time WRT conditioning?
1. Delay: CS ends with presentation of US.
2. Trace: US presented after CS ends (CS ends. time. US presented)
3. Simultaneous: CS & US at same time.
4. Backward: US presented before CS. (ex. taste aversion)
-
What type of conditioning is better (spaced or massed)? Why? What is the exception? What is the most important?
Allows rehearsal of information.
Unless duration of trial = time between trials.
Ratio is most important.
What are the two strongest factors affecting conditioning?
1. Delay
2. Trace.
What kind of conditioning is the "token economy"?
Operant conditioning.
What kind of conditioning is anabuse?
Operant and Classical conditioning.
Describe novelty/previous exposure WRT factors affecting conditioning.
If CS = Novel; Condition = stronger.
-Latent inhibition: Previous exposure to 1-2-3-4 could interfere with conditioning, due to a lack of attention/habituation to CS (decreases strength)
-e.g. Knock know w/out air horn --> Knowledge no air horn
How does latent inhibition affect conditioning?
Previous exposure to 1-2-3-4 could interfere with conditioning, due to a lack of attention/habituation to CS
How is intensity related to factors that affect conditioning?
CS & CR are important --> "salience"
-e.g. Air horn v. Car horn; Bright light v. soft light
-BUT, if too strong, NS is not neutral --> Becomes US
Describe a contingency WRT conditioning.
1-2-3-4 & Air horn paired every time.
How does the number of pairings affect conditioning?
More = Stonger
-However, 1 may be sufficient.
What is required to produce conditioning?
CS needs to provide new information about US.
-Pairing NS with US is NOT enough!!
Describe the Blocking Effect.
1-2-3-4 + AH = Fear
1-2-3-4 +Air Horn+ light = Fear
BUT 1-2-3-4 + light = 0 (No conditioning BC redundant --> Didn't add new information)
If 1-2-3-4 is paired an equal number of times with an air horn that it is presented without the air horn, with conditioning occur?
No.
Define operant conditioning.
Consequences that follow behavior increase or decrease the likelihood that behavior will occur again.
How can you tell if something is reinforcement or punishment?
Reinforcement ALWAYS INCREASES behavior.
Punishment ALWAYS DECREASES behavior.
___ ___ is when something desirable is added following behavior to increase the behavior in the future.
Positive reinforcement.
___ ___ is when something aversive is removed following behavior to increase behavior in the future.
Negative reinforcement.
___ ____ is something undesirable added to decrease behavior.
Positive punishment.
___ _____ is something desirable is removed to decrease behavior.
Negative punishment.
The contingencies of reinforcement are based on ____.
Reinforcement.
Name the contingencies of reinforcement.
1. Antecedent: Occurs before and influences behavior.
2. Behavior: Actions/Inaction
3. Consequences: What occurs following behavior.
Name two antecedents.
1. Setting events: Conditions related to environment in general (may also be influenced by mood) that affect behavior.
2. Prompts: Specific events (verbal, visual, physical) that alter behavior.
Why are antecedents important? Are they always necessary?
Play a role: without them, desired behavior may not occur.
-Most fade over time (with reinforcement taking over)
Give some examples of prompts.
-Instructions
-Modeling
-Requests
-Reminders
-Gestures
Give some examples of Setting Events.
-Irritability
-Hearing bad news
-Hunger
-VEGAS
What takes over when antecedents fade out?
Reinforcement.
If ___ ____ requests are embedded in ___ ___, the likelihood of the request occuring becomes greater.
Low probability.
High probability.
High v. low probability requests = ?
Likelihood of getting compliance.
What is Differential Reinforcement?
Reinforcing a response in some situations, but not in others.
____ or _____ predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes a discriminative stimulus.
Situation.
Stimulus.
Situation or stimulus predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes a _________.
Discriminative stimulus
For non reinforcement, situation of stimulus predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes _____.
Nondiscriminative
Behavioral response is directly controlled by _____.
Antecedent.
When behavioral responses are directly controlled by antecedents, this is called _______.
stimulus control
When at a bar with bf/gf, and people are less likely to pick up on you, this is called _______.
stimulus control
As and Cs don't _______ behavior.
create
______ only increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that are already present.
As and Cs (Antecedents and Consequences)
Reinforcing _______ of a target behavior and ignoring non-approximations is called shaping.
successive approximations
_____ occurs when successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced, and non-approximations are ignored.
Shaping
Reinforcing ______ and ignoring ______ of a target behavior are part of shaping.
successive approximations; non-approximations
A _________ is a sequence of responses in order.
behavioral chain
_____ is developing responses in the order they are to occur.
Forward chaining
How does forward chaining occur?
1. Teach one step and reinforce multiple times.
2. Add step two and reinforce after both occur together.
How does backward chaining occur?
Start with last response first to develop responses.
What is the benefit of backward chaining?
The last response is closest to the reinforcer.
What is the difference between shaping and chaining?
1. Shaping: one final behavior and all successive approximations are extinguished by the end.
2. Chaining: Develops each step in a chain and all behaviors are still present at the end.
______ only increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that are already present.
As and Cs (Antecedents and Consequences)
Reinforcing _______ of a target behavior and ignoring non-approximations is called shaping.
successive approximations
_____ occurs when successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced, and non-approximations are ignored.
Shaping
Reinforcing ______ and ignoring ______ of a target behavior are part of shaping.
successive approximations; non-approximations
A _________ is a sequence of responses in order.
behavioral chain
_____ is developing responses in the order they are to occur.
Forward chaining
How does forward chaining occur?
1. Teach one step and reinforce multiple times.
2. Add step two and reinforce after both occur together.
How does backward chaining occur?
Start with last response first to develop responses.
What is the benefit of backward chaining?
The last response is closest to the reinforcer.
What is the difference between shaping and chaining?
1. Shaping: one final behavior and all successive approximations are extinguished by the end.
2. Chaining: Develops each step in a chain and all behaviors are still present at the end.
Which is more common: Shaping or chaining?
Shaping.
_____ can be used in chaining.
Shaping
Both shaping and chaining typically used in _________.
developing target behaviors.
If a pleasant consequence is added, this is called ______.
positive reinforcement
If an aversive consequence is added, this is called ______.
positive punishment
If a pleasant consequence is removed, this is called _____.
negative punishment
If an aversive consequence is removed, this is called ______.
negative reinforcement
What are primary reinforcers and punishers?
Unlearned (food, water, pain, noise)
Whare are conditioned reinforcers and punishers?
Learned (money, praise, grades, negative evaluation, nagging)
Define extinction.
The reduction or elimination of a response. It occurs when no consequence follows response (ignoring previously attended to behavior; slot machine no longer gives money)
How is extinction different from punishment?
A consequence is added or removed.
What is a stimulus WRT generalization? Provide an example.
A behavior that is reinforced and increases in one setting, increases in other settings.
-e.g. Child who is reinforced for staying in his seat at the dinner table stays in his seat at school.
What is a response WRT generalization? Provide an example.
A change in behavior other than target behavior.
-e.g. Child is reinforced for dancing increases dancing, clapping, and singing.
Name the factors of classical conditioning.
1. Response is controlled by antecedent stimulus.
2. Biologically absed (BC start as UR)
Name the factors of operant conditioning.
1. Response controlled by consequences that follow.
2. Antecedent stimulus affects whether reinforcer works, but is not solely responsible for the conditioning.
Can classical and operant conditioning occur together?
Yes - and they often do!
-e.g. 1. traumatic experience with dog may result in conditioned fear of dogs (CC)-
2. Avoiding/escaping dogs or dog environments thereafter is negatively reinforced BC eliminates fear.
What is functional analysis?
A systematic evaluation (assessment) of antecendents and consequences responsible for maintaining behavior.
What is the general purpose of functional analysis.
Provides a roadmap for intervention.
Name the steps of a functional analysis.
1. Assessment.
2. Development and evaluation of hypotheses about ABCs.
3. Intervention.
4. Continued assessment.
What are the two functions of problem behavior?
1. Social.
2. Automatic.
What are the methods for identifying the A's and Cs of behavior?
1. Indirect: Interviews and questionnaires.
2. Direct: Observation
3. Experimental: Manipulate As and Cs
What is the most common method for identifying As and Cs of behavior? Why? What are some of the drawbacks?
Indirect assessment (Interviews and questionnaires)
-Benefits:
1. Time
2. Ease.
-Drawbacks:
1. Interviewees rely on memory and may be biased.
2. Necessary to watch for and eliminate inference.
Name 7 pieces of information that should be obtained in the interview.
1. Whether there is knowledge of a functional alternative (socially appropriate behavior/skills that might be substituted for the same function)
2. History of behavior and treatment programs attempted.
-Definition of:
3. Behaviors.
4. Ecological events that may affect behavior.
5. Events and situations that predict behavior.
-Identification of:
6. Function of undesirable behavior (what consequences maintain it?)
7. Potential reinforcers.
______ occurs through observation.
Direct assessment.
How is direct assessment carried out?
ABCs recorded in natural environment in which they typically occur (or in a Tx setting, if applicable).
What the the benefits and drawbacks of direct assessment?
-Benefits:
1. No issues with memory bias.
-Drawbacks:
1. Time
2. Effort
3. Demonstrate a correlation, not necessarily a functional relationship (helps with hypotheses, but need to manipulate the test.
Name observation/recording methods.
1. Descriptive (chart with time, A, B, C)
2. Checklist: B, A, C
3. Interval: Behaviors and times
What is considered the "real" functional analysis?
Experimental Assessment: Hypothesis testing and intervention.
How do you conduct experimental assessment?
Manipulate As and Cs to demonstrate influence on problem behavior.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental assessment?
-Advantages:
1. Demonstrates functional relationship.
2. Provides direction for intervention.
-Disadvantages:
1. Time
2. Effort.
3. Feasibility
4. Professional expertise required.
5. A range of factors may influence behavior.
6. Identification doesn't guarantee successful intervention (e.g. important influence of peers in teen relationship)
What are the advantages of Experimental Assessment?
1. Demonstrates functional relationship.
2. Provides direction for intervention.
Name 3 methodologies/designs.
1. Single case experiment.
2. ABAB/reversal
3. Multiple baseline.
What are multiple baselines measured across?
1. Behaviors.
2. People.
3. Settings.
4. Time.
What do you monitor over time? What does this do? What can you not necessarily rule out?
1. Magnitude of change.
2. Temporal proximity to intervention.
*Increases strength of conclusions.
*Cannot rule out placebo effect.
Case formulation is informed by ________.
theoretical orientation
"one size fits all" means:
Behavioral = idiographic
Treatment is not focused on ____, rather on ______ in environment.
diagnosis; individual interacting
____ case formulation is good when there are multiple problem areas.
Behavioral
_____ may suggest target behaviors.
Diagnosis
Describe behavioral case formulation.
1. Guides basis for treatment plan.
2. Focus is on classical and operant conditioning and social learning factors.
3. Continually refined with emerging information.
What are the assumptions of case formulation?
-Focus on:
1. Person in context
2. Current behavior.
-Past learning can't be undone, but new learning can occur.
-What led to development of behavior may or may not be responsible for its maintenance.
3. Absence of healthy alternative behaviors and developing those.
Name the 6 aspects of the behavioral case formulation.
1. Problem list.
2. Proposed underlying mechanism.
3. Relation of mechanism to problem list.
4. Precipitants of problems.
5. Origins of mechanism in early life.
6. Obstacles to treatment.
What is the ideal number of items on the problem list?
<10; 5-8 are ideal.
-Likely to change over time.
The _____ is the most difficult part of treatment.
hypothesized mechanism
Describe the hypothesized mechanism.
-Attempt to ID one underlying mechanism for all problems on list:
1. What do the problems have in common?
2. Study chief complaint and listen to patient's language.
3. Examine As and Cs.
4. Examine assessments.
Relation of mechanism to problems is always _____ because _____ internal experiences.
negatively reinforced; allow escape from painful
Atttempt to tie proposed _____ to precipants is a _____ to the ______ mechanism.
mechanism; test; hypothesized
If problem behavior is ___ reinforced or patient demonstrates ability to tolerate distress calls ____ into question.
Not; mechanism
Describe two origins of central problem.
1. Childhood play a role (e.g. neglect)
2. Abusive family (fear --> hiding avoided abuse and fear, eating soothed).
Name an obstacle to treatment.
Mechanism can be used to forecast potential problems.
-e.g. Patient may act out in treatment to get attention of therapist.
-e.g. Patient may find ways to avoid distress associated with treatment.
Describe the 4 components of functional analysis in therapy.
1. Assessment.
2. Formulation.
3. Treatment planning.
4. Treatment selection and implementation.
Describe the assessment component of functional analysis.
- Rapport.
Describe the formulation component of functional analysis.
-Collaborative.
Describe the treatment planning component of functional analysis.
1. Collaborative.
2. Consensus on treatment goals
3. Prioritizing: What is most interfering (e.g. life-threatening; QOL)
4. Short-term.
5. Present focused.
6. Active/goal-oriented (increasing + Bx, rather than reducing distress - this is the result; Bicycle metaphor)
Describe the treatment selection and implementation component of functional analysis.
-Consider principle-driven over protocol driven.
-e.g. functional analysis; case formulation
Behavioral interventions change __ & __, which in turn change ___.
As; Cs; Bs
List the behavioral interventions, in order.
1. Behavioral activation.
2. Behavioral experiments.
3. Exposure.
4. Communication/ interpersonal skills.
5. Relaxation training.
6. Social skills training.
7. Mindfulness.
8. Distress tolerance.
9. Emotion regulation.
What are two things that need to be addressed WRT behavioral interventions.
1. Address motivation as needed.
2. Always do homework/practice.
What is a behavioral contingency?
A relationship between events that occasion behavior, the behavior, and the consequences it produces.
Avoidance of being left alone in a bar by going to smoke with friends is a form of _____.
behavioral contingency
In contingency management, ___ & ____ are altered.
Antecedents; consequences
_____ is most often used with kids, pets, developmentally delayed, institutionalized, severe pathology, addictions.
Contingency management
Target behavior is under the influence of ___ and ____.
As; Cs
___ is under direct influence of As and Cs.
Target behavior
Target behavior does not include ______.
rules
Name 2 assumptions of contingency management.
1. Target behavior is under direct influence of As and Cs (does not include rules).
2. Person knows/has the ability to perform target behavior (if not, need to first use techniques to develop behavior [e.g. shaping, chaining])
Name the steps of contingency management.
1. Define target behavior: Clearly defined, observable, recordable.
2. Identify contextual factors: Who, what, WWWH.
3. Orient client to contingency management: Educate reinforcement, punishment, etc.
4. Observe target behavior: In session, question in session, monitor b/t sessions.
Name 5 altering antecedents.
1. Cue elimination: Avoid, escape, or eliminate environmental cues.
2. Cue modification: If can't avoid, modify.
3. Cue Introduction: Add reminders.
4. Discrimination training: Addresses maladaptive stimulus generalization.
5. Alter EOs (establishing operations = biological - hunger, craving, withdrawal, thirst, deprivation, anxiety/tension)
When alternating consequences, what is important to take into consideration?
Timing: consequences should follow behavior immediately.
Name 6 schedules of reinforcement.
1. Continuous reinforcement > every instance of Bx (toll booth)
2. Intermittent = occassional reinforcement (slot machine)
3. Fixed ration = reinforcement > differing numbers of responses that average 3 times (or other)
4. Fixed interval: Reinforcement > consistent, specified time period (every 30 minutes)
5. Variable interval = reinforcement > different time intervals that average 30 minutes.
What schedule of reinforcement is best to develop a behavior?
Continuous.
What schedule of reinforcement is best to prevent extinction?
Intermittent.
What are expected patterns WRT schedules of reinforcement?
1. Fixed ration: High rate with pause after reinforcement.
2. Variable ration: High and steady rate.
3. Fixed interval: Low rate with increase at the end of interval.
4. Variable interval: Low to moderate rate; Continuous.
What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A high rate with pause after reinforcement.
What is a variable schedule of reinforcement?
A high and steady rate.
What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
A low rate with an increase at the end of the interval.
What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
A low to moderate rate that is Continuous.
What is concurrent reinforcement?
All schedules of reinforcement for multiple behaviors in a given situation.
What is concurrent reinforcement affected by?
1. Schedule (>reinforcement).
2. Magnitude (Bigger not always better)
3. Immediacy (>immediacy)
4. Response effort (<effort)
Explain natural v. arbitrary characteristics of reinforcers for target behavior of eating more vegetables.
Natural: If eat, get dessert.
Arbitray: If eat, get $1.
What is the Premack principle?
1. Increase a low frequency behavior by making high probability behaviors contingent on it (e.g. if you do your homework, you can go outside to play)
2. Applies to punishment, too (e.g. If you don't stop hitting your sister, you'll have to do extra homework)
What is the maching law?
1. Frequency
2. Intensity
*Duration of behavior is matched with reinforcers.
What are and how do you deal with low rate of reinforcers?
-Behavior occurs at low rate BC of lack of available reinforcers (extinction) e.g. depression
-Change environment to increase reinforcers.
Name characteristics of reinforcers.
1. Concurrent reinforcers.
2. Natural v. arbitary.
3. Low rate of reinforcers.
4. Restriced range of reinforcers.
5. Matching Law.
6. Premack principle.
How do you cause extinction?
1. Identify reinforcers that maintain behavior and eliminate them.
2. Add reinforcers for alternative behavior.
___ is the reinforcement for absence of problem during specified time period.
Differential reinforcement (other)
____ is the reinforcement following alternative behavior that is functionally similar but not problematic (exercise instead of smoking).
Differential reinforcement (alternative)
____ is an alternative to positive punishment but without physical or emotional negative side effects.
Covert sensitization.
Name 5 processes of covert sensitization.
1. Relax
2. Creat a script for imagining target behavior.
3. Imagine intense negative consequences (physical or social)
4. Imagine terminating behavior.
5. Imagine relief of negative consequences.
Response cost equates to ___.
negative punishment.
____ equates to negative punishment.
Response cost.
Describe how response cost is different from extinction.
Removal of reinforcer of problem behavior (e.g. attention) v. removal of other reinforcer (e.g. television)
Name 2 types of overcorrection.
1. Restitution: You break it, you bought it.
2. Positive practice: Over and over.
What are the problems with punishment?
1. Can elicit maladaptive emotional side effects (e.g. aggression)
2. Can cause escape/avoidance which is then negatively reinforced.
3. May be overused BC it's negatively reinforceing to the punisher.
4. Models punishment to punishee who may use punishment in the future (e.g. abuse cycle).
5. Can reduce behavior quickly but may not last when punisher removed (need to reinforce alternatives)
Name 5 strategies for changing behavior.
1. Modeling, role playing (WHAT PRINCIPLE IS THIS?)
2. Self-managment: Delay of gratification.
3. Behavioral contracting: Formal and specific written or verbal agreement with consequences
4. Habit reversal: Monitoring, competing response
5. Token economy
____ argued that traditional learning theory was incomplete.
Bandura
___ and ____ are involved in the traditional learning theory.
Operant and classical conditioning
Why did Bandura argue that traditional learning theory was incomplete?
Traditional learning theory ignores the role of observation and imitation.
Social learning theory combines ____ with _____.
Traditional learning theory; observation/imitation
Animal research has been conducted to study ___, _____, & ____ WRT imitation.
Social facilitation
Local enhancement
True imitation
_____ is when something imitates and observes behavior in repetoire.
Social facilitation
What is social facilitation?
When something imitates and observes behavior in repetoire.
____ is when something imitates new behavior, but may have learned through trial and error (observation speeds this).
Local enhancement.
What speeds learning in local enhancement? Provide an example.
Observation.
e.g. Monkey pulling chain for food.
Imitation of ____ behavior is unlikely to be learned through trial and error.
rare
Describe true imitation. Provide an example.
Imitation of rare behavior that is unlikely to be learned through trial and error.
e.g. monkey throwing wheat in water
Name the four behaviors observed with the Bobo doll.
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentional processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
4. Incentive and motivational processes.
Children's imitations were influenced by ______ in the Bobo doll experiment.
observed consequences
Describe generalized imitation.
Past reinforcement for imitation leades to more imitation.
Theories former to Banduras Bobo doll experiment follow generalized imitation).
Bandura's studies suggest that reinforcement is not necessary for ___, but expecattion of reinforcement is necessary for ____.
learning; performing behavior
What did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment contribute?
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning, but expectation of reinforcement is necessary for performing behavior.
What three factors are necessary to acquire capability to perform behavior, according to Bandura's theory?
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentational processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
According to Bandura, expectation of reinforcement _________.
predicts actual performance of behavior
WRT Bandura's research, an individual forms a _______.
Cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior.
WRT Bandura's research, _____ explains the delay.
a cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior
List three factors which affect imitation.
Characteristics of:
1. Model
2. Learner
3. Situation
What aspects of the model affect imitation?
1. More rewarding
2. Control/power/dominance
3. Social status
4. Similarity to learner (gender, age, etc.)
5. Sincerity
What characteristics of the learner affect imitation?
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Dominance (depends on situation)
4. Uncertainty WRT behaviors
What characteristics of the situation affect imitation?
1. Certainty
2. Difficulty (moderate)
____ fear/phobias affect imitation.
Vicariously learned
List 6 implications of imitation.
1. Violent TV watching --> endorsement of fighting.
2. Physically aggressive parents --> more violence.
3. Vicariously learned fear/phobias.
4. Development of substance abuse behaviors (reinforcement, then maintains).
5. Cognitive skills (e.g. conservation, grammer, problem solving)
6. Moral judgment and behavior.
Name 5 modeling behaviors in therapy WRT Social Learning Theory.
1. Repetoire (Socializing, assertiveness)
2. New behaviors (Speech, hygiene)
3. Adaptive response to feared stimuli (animals, heights)
4. Graduated modeling
5. Participant modeling
Social learning theory suggests ______.
cognitive mediation.
Explain the process of social learning.
1. A behavior and its consequences are observed.
2. Cognitive representation of future outcomes/expectancies is formed.
3. Mediates or influences behavior.
Behavior learning theory suggests ______.
learning history
Describe true imitation. Provide an example.
Imitation of rare behavior that is unlikely to be learned through trial and error.
e.g. monkey throwing wheat in water
Name the four behaviors observed with the Bobo doll.
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentional processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
4. Incentive and motivational processes.
Children's imitations were influenced by ______ in the Bobo doll experiment.
observed consequences
Describe generalized imitation.
Past reinforcement for imitation leades to more imitation.
Theories former to Banduras Bobo doll experiment follow generalized imitation).
Bandura's studies suggest that reinforcement is not necessary for ___, but expecattion of reinforcement is necessary for ____.
learning; performing behavior
What did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment contribute?
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning, but expectation of reinforcement is necessary for performing behavior.
What three factors are necessary to acquire capability to perform behavior, according to Bandura's theory?
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentational processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
According to Bandura, expectation of reinforcement _________.
predicts actual performance of behavior
WRT Bandura's research, an individual forms a _______.
Cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior.
WRT Bandura's research, _____ explains the delay.
a cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior
List three factors which affect imitation.
Characteristics of:
1. Model
2. Learner
3. Situation
What aspects of the model affect imitation?
1. More rewarding
2. Control/power/dominance
3. Social status
4. Similarity to learner (gender, age, etc.)
5. Sincerity
What characteristics of the learner affect imitation?
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Dominance (depends on situation)
4. Uncertainty WRT behaviors
What characteristics of the situation affect imitation?
1. Certainty
2. Difficulty (moderate)
____ fear/phobias affect imitation.
Vicariously learned
List 6 implications of imitation.
1. Violent TV watching --> endorsement of fighting.
2. Physically aggressive parents --> more violence.
3. Vicariously learned fear/phobias.
4. Development of substance abuse behaviors (reinforcement, then maintains).
5. Cognitive skills (e.g. conservation, grammer, problem solving)
6. Moral judgment and behavior.
Name 5 modeling behaviors in therapy WRT Social Learning Theory.
1. Repetoire (Socializing, assertiveness)
2. New behaviors (Speech, hygiene)
3. Adaptive response to feared stimuli (animals, heights)
4. Graduated modeling
5. Participant modeling
Social learning theory suggests ______.
cognitive mediation.
Explain the process of social learning.
1. A behavior and its consequences are observed.
2. Cognitive representation of future outcomes/expectancies is formed.
3. Mediates or influences behavior.
Behavior learning theory suggests ______.
learning history
___ is anticipation of future events that guide actions.
Forethought
Describe forethought.
1. Anticipation of future events that guide actions.
2. Planning, goal setting.
3. Requires cognitive representation in the present of foreseeable future events which motivates behavior (thinking of impending pitch and planning how you will swing bat before acting).
4. Transcends dictates of immediate environment.
Describe self-reactiveness.
1. Self-directed execution of courses of action.
2. Actions compared to personal goals, standards, morals.
3. Self-satisfaction, pride, self-worth sustain efforts for goal attainment.
Describe self-reflectiveness.
1. Meta-cognition (thinking about thinking).
2. Self-examination and evaluation of motivation, values, meaning, etc.
3. Compare predictive thoughts with outcomes of actions.
-Efficacy = belief in ability to exercise control over behavior and environment.
Define self-efficacy.
Belief in one's ability to exercise contorl over behavior and environment.
What are the effects of self-efficacy (5)?
1. Pessimism v. optimism.
2. Choice of goals/challenges.
3. Level of effort expended.
4. Duration persevere, especially in face of obstacles.
5. Failure = motivating or demoralizing.
Who is credited with the concept "locus of control"?
Rotter.
Define locus of control.
The extent to which one believes s/he controls rewards.
Which form of locus of control is better? Give an example of when the opposite may be true.
Internal BC feel personally responsible for outcomes, rather than relying on fate, change, or powerful others.
-WRT religion, LOC = mixed (mediates religion and life satisfaction). [No race differences]
Who came up with the concept of learned helplessness? Describe his experiment.
Seligman.
3 groups of dogs: PART 1
1. Harnesses only; 2. Harnessed, shocked, press lever to discontinue shock; 3. Harnessed, shocks, unable to discontinue shocks (exhibited symptoms of depression.
PART 2: Placed in shuttle box with shock floor and easy escape.
Groups 1 & 2 learned to escape quickly.
Group 3 laid down and didn't attempt escape.
Learned helplessness experiment by _____ led to theory about __________.
Seligman.
Explanatory or attributional style.
What is explanatory style?
People with the same experience have different responses, depending on attribution (Selgiman's dog example).
Name the explanatory styles.
1. Pessimistic: Sees negative events as personal, pervasive, permanent.
Which explanatory style is most likely to suffer from learned helplessness and depression?
Pessimistic.
___ is credited with attribution theory.
Weiner.
____ is an individual's explanation for negative events.
Attribution theory.
Name and describe the three dimensions of attribution theory. What are each one like?
1. Global v. Specific: Negative events are present across all contexts.
2. Stable v. Unstable: Negative events remain over time.
-Like permanent.
3. Internal v. External: Negative events are the fault of the individual.
-LOC of control; like personal.
What each of the dimension of attribution theory like?
1. Global v. Specific: Pervasive
2. Stable v. Unstable: Permanent.
3. Internal v. External: Personal
What were the results of the study about CHinese and American college students WRT attributional style, depression, and loneliness?
Chinese self-blame for failure and less credit for success, higher depression, and loneliness.
Who developed REBT, what was its significance?
Ellis in 1955; First cognitive-behavior therapy
Describe REBT
An action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to examine their own thoughts, beliefts, and actions, and replcae those that are self-defeating with more life-enhancing alternatives.
According to REBT, ___ causes distress, not _____.
Irrational beliefs about events; events
Describe the ABCD model.
A: Activating Event.
B: Beliefs about event.
C: Consequence: Emotions and behaviors.
D: Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief; Necessary to work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking.
Name and describe the three basic "Musts."
*All beliefs that upset us are variations of 3 irrational demand beliefs.
1. I must perforem well and get approval from others.
2. Others must treat me well, exactly as I want them to; if they don't they are bad and should be punished.
3. I must get what I want, when I want it, and I shouldn't get what I don't want --> If either of these happens, it is unbearable.
Give examples of the consequences of the three "Musts."
1. Consequence = anxiety, guilt/shame, depression, people-pleasing.
2. Anger, hostility, rage, aggression/violence.
3. Self-pity, disappointment, procrastination, frustration.
Three insights about REBT.
1. Beliefs are responsible for feelings/behaviors, not events.
2. We cling to beliefs, which tend to be fixed and rigid.
3. Only continuous work/practice at changing rigid irrational beliefs will result in change.
Describe acceptance WRT REBT.
1. Unconditional self-acceptance.
2. Unconditional other-acceptance.
3. Unconditional life-acceptance.
Describe unconditional self-acceptance.
1. I am a fallible human being with good and bad points.
2. No reason to not have flaws.
3. Despite good and bad points, I am no more/less worthy than others.
Describe unconditional other-acceptance.
1. Others will treat me unfairly from time to time.
2. There is no reason why they must treat me fairly.
3. People who treat me unfairly are no more/less worthy than any other human being.
Describe unconditional life-acceptance.
1. Life doesn't always work out the way that I'd like it to.
2. There is no reason why life must go the way I want it to.
3. Life is not necessarily pleasant but it is never awful and it is nearly always bearable.
_____ came up with cognitive theory.
Beck
Describe Cognitive Theory.
1. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs lead to depresion.
2. Cognitive triad: Self, others, world.
3. Automatic thoughts, rules/assumptions, core beliefs.
4. Cognitive distortions: Black/white thinking; Selective abstraction; Overgeneralization.
List 5 characteristics of CBT.
1. Time limited.
2. Present-focused.
3. Structured.
4. Collaborative/active.
5. Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings (emotional and physiological) and behaviors in a given situation.
List 5 important factors which influence CBT.
1. Client motivation and expectations for therapy.
2. Therapeutic alliance.
3. Collaboration.
4. Active orientation (DO, don't just talk).
5. Balance b/t acceptance and change.
List 8 components of early session structure.
1. Assessment and case conceptualization.
2. Set an agenda (remember collaboration - "anything you'd like to add?".
3. Give feedback about diagnoses (check in about reactions/questions).
4. Review problem list/goals (Both short term and long term).
5. Provide overview of treament structure/format (Check in about reactions/Qs).
6. Psychoeducation about CBT (use personally relevant examples).
7. Homework.
8. Inspire hope.
List 5 components of later sessions WRT CBT.
1. Review homework.
2. Review concepts, if necessary.
3. Teach new psychoed/rationale.
4. Teach/practice skills.
5. Assign homework.
List some skills taught in CBT.
1. Cognitive restructuring.
2. Relaxation.
3. Create hierarchy.
4. Exposure.
5. Behavioral activation.
6. Problem solving.
7. Assertiveness/communication.
Describe the interaction between thoughts, feelins, and behaviors within a situation.
Thoughts <--> Feelings
Thoughts <--> Behaviors
Behaviors <--> Feelings
Situation affects Thoughts and feelings
What are cognitive distortions?
Thoughts and perceptions about ourselves, environment, or world may result in misperceptions, or in failure to see the whole picture in a more balanced way.
These thinking errors and miperceptions contribute to other problems.
List the types of Cognitive Distortions.
1. All-or-Nothing thinking.
2. Overgeneralization
3. Mental Filter
4. Minimizing/disqualifying/Overlooking the positive
5. Mind reading.
6. Fortune telling.
7. Magnifying/Catastrophizing.
8. Emotional Reasoning.
9. Should Statements.
10. Labeling.
11. Personalization.
12. Probability overestimation.
What are the mechanisms of action WRT CBT?
1. Cognitive change.
2. Cognitive de-fusion.
3. Thoughts are behaviors, too (function [e.g. avoidance] over content).
What role does diversity/culture play in CBT?
1. Biological processes are similar across groups.
2. Person impacts environment & environment impacts (experience environments differently).
3. Etiology and history of psych sxs may be similar, but patterns and manifestations may differ, depending on culture (e.g. interpersonal relationships in coll. v. self-efficacy in individualistic)
What is the basic definition of human behavior?
Human behavior is defined as actions that have one or more physical dimensions and can be observed and recorded.
What is behavior and what impacts it, and what does it impact?
Behavior is lawful. It may be overt or covert.
*The occurrence is influenced by the environmental events.
*Behaviors have an impact on the physical or social environment.
______ conducted research which laid the foundation for behavior modification.
B.F. Skinner
Behavior is measured _______ modification procedures are applied to document the effectiveness of the procedures.
before and after
Behavior modifiaction _______ past events and _______ hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.
deemphasizes; rejects
historical roots of behavior modification can be found in the work of ____, _____, ____, and _____.
Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, and Thorndike
Describe three dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded.
1. Frequency.
2. Duration.
3. Intensity.
Provide an example of how a behavior has an impact on the physcial environment and on the social environment.
BC a behavior involves movement throught space and time, the behavior has some effect on the environment in which it takes place (e.g. light goes on, professor calls on you, etc.)
What does it mean to say a behavior is lawful? What is the functional relationship?
Occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events. Basic behavioral principles describe the functional relationship between our behavior and environmental events.
Describe the distinction between overt behavior and covert behavior. Provide an example of each. Which type of behavior is the focus of this book?
*Overt: Can be obsered and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior.
*Covert: (aka private events) are not observable to others.
*Behavior modification focuses on OVERT behavior.
Identify six characteristics of human behavior.
1. Behavior is what people od and say.
2. Behaviors have on eor more dimensions.
3. Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded.
4. Behaviors have an impact on the environment.
5. Behavior is lawful.
6. Behaviors may be over or covert.
What does it mean to say that behavior modification procedures are based on behavioral principles?
1. Behavior modification procedures are based on research in applied behavior analysis (experimental analysis of human behavior).
What causes human behavior? Describe how a label might be mistakenly identified as a cause of a behavior.
Events in the immediate environment.
Labels may be mistakenly identified as the causes of the behavior.
*E.g. child with autism (autism is a label, not a cause for the behaviors)
Why is it important to describe behavior modifiaction procedures precisely?
BC behavior modification procedures involve specific changes in environmental events --> precise procedures ensure that the procedures will be used correctly each time.
Who implements behavior modification procedures?
Anyone who has had sufficient training and is helping someone change their behavior.
What is the basic definition of human behavior?
Human behavior is defined as actions that have one or more physical dimensions and can be observed and recorded.
What is behavior and what impacts it, and what does it impact?
Behavior is lawful. It may be overt or covert.
*The occurrence is influenced by the environmental events.
*Behaviors have an impact on the physical or social environment.
______ conducted research which laid the foundation for behavior modification.
B.F. Skinner
Behavior is measured _______ modification procedures are applied to document the effectiveness of the procedures.
before and after
Behavior modifiaction _______ past events and _______ hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.
deemphasizes; rejects
Identify the four steps involved in a behavior modification plan.
1. Defining the target behavior.
2. Determining the logistics of recording.
3. Choosing a recording method.
4. Choosing a recording instrument.
What is a behavioral definintion? How does it differ from a label for a behavior?
1. Objective/unambiguous
2. Active verbs and describes specific behaviors.
*Labels are ambiguous and may be interpreted differently by different people.
What is meant by the term observation period?
Specific period of time an observer records the target behavior.
Identify and define the four dimensions of a behavior that may be recorded in a continuous recording method.
1. Frequency: Number of times a behavior occurs.
2. Duration: Total amount of time occupied by the behavior from start to finish.
3. Intensity: Amount of force, energy, exertion involved in it.
4. Latency: Amount of time from a stimulus to the onset of the behavior.
What is frequency within interval recording?
1. Partial interval recording: Not interested in frequency, duration, latency; ONLY if behavior occured during each interval of time.
2. Whole: Occurrence of behavior is marked in a interval only when the behavior occurs throughout the entire inverval
What is real-time recording?
Record each time the behavior starts and finished: Provides information on frequency & duration.
What is time sample recording?
Divide the observation period into intervals of time, but observe and record the behavior during only part of each interval.
Name four recording instruments.
`1. Continuous (Frequency, duration, intensity, latency)
2. Product (record tangible recording or permanent product of teh occurrence of the behavior)
3. Interval: Occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in consecutive intervals of time during an observation period.
4. Time sampling: Divide observation period into intervals of time, but observe and record the Bx during only part of each interval.
What is reactivity? Describe two ways to reduce reactivity during direct observation.
*Process of recordin a behavior causes the behavior to change, even before any treatment is implemented
Occurs: When an observer is recording the behavior of another person or when a person engages in self-monitoring.
To reduce:
1. Wait until people being observed become accustomed to the observer.
2. Have observer record behavior without people knowing that they are being observed.
What is interobserver reliability and why is it assessed?
Two people are used to independently observe and record the smae targe beahvior of the same subject during the same observation period.
*Used to determine whether behavior being recorded is consistent.
What is reactivity?
The process of recording a behavior cuases the behavior to change, even before any treatment is implemented.
What is interobserver recording, and why is it important?
Helps to determine whether behavior is being recorded consistently.
In ________, a previously neutral stimulus becomes a contitioned stimulus (CS) when it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus ((US).
Respondent conditioning.
The CS elicits a ________ similar to the unconditioned response (CR) elicited by the US.
conditioned response (CR)
Respondent conditioning is most effective when _________.
the CS immediately precedes the US.
_______ can occur when a neutral stimulus i spaired with an already-established CS.
Higher order conditioning
Respondent behaviors involve ______.
bodily responses that have survival value.
_______ involve bodily responses that have survival value.
Respondent behaviors.
One type of respondent behavior is a ___________ that may be negative (such as fear and anxiety) or positive (such as happiness).
conditioned emotional response
Conditioned Emotional responses may be ____ or ______.
positive or negative
______ occurs when a CS is presented in the absence of the US. As a result, the CS no longer elicits a CR.
Respondent extinction.
Factors that influence ffrespondent conditiong include: (5 things)
1. intensity fo the US or the CS
2. Temporal relationship between the CS and the US
3.Contingency between the CS and the US
4. Number of pairings
5. Person's previous exposure to the CS
When does respondent conditioning occur?
When a neutral stiumus is paired with a US and the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that can elicit a CR.
_____ occurs when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of an Sd and the behavior is then more likely to occur in the future when the Sd is present.
Operant conditioning
Identify the terms signified by the following abbreviations: US, UR, CS, and CR. Provide an example
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Certain types of stimuli that typically elicit specific types of bodily responses
What is an unconditioned response?
Responses elicited by antecendent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has taken place.
Describe how a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. What is this process called?
Pairing of respondent conditioning (previously neutral stimulus is paired with a US)
What is the outcome of respondent conditioning?
Conditioned stimulus
Name and describe the four possible temporal relationships between the CS and US.
1. Delay conditioning
2. Trace conditioning
3. Stimulus conditioning
4. Backward conditioning
Name and describe the 4 types of conditioning.
1. Delay: CS presented and then the US is presented before the CS ends.
2. Trace: CS presented, stops, US presented.
3. Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US presented at the same time.
4. Backward: US presented before the CS (least likely to be effective e.g. sour milk example)
What is higher order conditioning?
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an already-established CS and the neutral stimulus becomes a CS.
What is spontaneous recovery?
When the CS elicits the CR after extinction has taken place.
What are the factors that influence respondent conditioning?
1. Nature of the US and CS
2. Temporal relationship b/n the CS and US
3. Contingency b/d the CS and US
4. Number of pairings
5. Previous exposure to the CS
What form of conditioning is most effective?
Trace or delay.
The fear developed in Little Albert by Raynor is an example of _____ CER.
Negative (undesirable)
A baby's response to his or her mother's contact is an example of ____ CER.
Positive (desirable)
What is respondent conditioning?
Extinction of a CR; involves the repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US (CR eventually decreases in intensity and stops)
How is discrimination in respondent conditioning developed?
CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs. (afraid of a specific dog)
How is generalization in respondent conditioning developed?
A number of similar CSs or a broader range of CSs elicit the same CR. (afraid of a any type of dog)
How would you use respondent extinction to help a child overcome a fear of dogs?Operant conditioning?
RE occurs when CS is no longer paired with the US --> CS no longer elicits the CR;
EOB occurs when behavior no longer results in a reinforcing consequence --> behavior stops occurring in future.
What is the definition of reinforcement?
Occurs when:
1. Occurrence of a behavior is 2. Followed by an immediate consequence that
3. Results in a strengthening of the behavior or an increase in the probability of the behavior in the future.
*Process responsible for the occurrence of operant behavior.
What is an operant behavior?
Acts on the environment to produce a consequence and in turn is controlled by, or occurs again in the future as a result of its immediate consequence (aka a reinforcer).
What is an aversive stimulus?
Something that is removed or avoided after the behavior.
Define an unconditioned reinforcer.
Natural reinforcers that function as reinforcers for the first time they are presented.
No prior experience with these stimuli is needed for them to function as reinforcers.
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer.
Name the factors influencing the effectiveness of reinforcement.
1. Immediacy.
2. Consistency (when response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first --> contingency).
3. Establishing operations (deprivation and satiation).
4. Characteristics of the consequence (reinforcers vary from person to person).
What is a schedule of reinforcement? Name the different schedules of reinforcement.
*specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer.
3. Fixed ratio: Delivery of reinforcer based on # of responses that have occured.
4. Variable Ratio: # responses for reinforcement varies.
5. Fixed interval: Interval time is fixed (e.g. 20 sec)
6. Variable Interval: Reinforcer after amount of time has elapsed, but varies.
Name two types of reinforcement.
1. Continuous reinforcement (ea. occurrence of a response is reinforced).
2. Intermittent reinforcement: responses are occassionally or intermittently reinforced.
A. Acquisition: person learning a behavior for the first time.
B. Maintenance: Behavior maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement.
What are the concurrent schedules of reinforcement?
All sched of reinforcement that are in effect for a person's behaviors at one time.
Define punishment.
1. Occurrence of a behavior is
2. Followed by an immediate consequence and the
3. Behavior is less likely to occur in the future.
Name the two types of punishing stimuli.
1. Unconditioned punishers (Naturally punishing)
2. Conditioned punisher (developed by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned punisher or another conditioned punisher)
Name the factors that influence punishment style.
1. Immediacy
2. Contingency
3. Establishing operations (influence the effectiveness of punishers)
4. Characteristics of the punishing consequence.
What are some of the problems associated with the use of punishment?
1. Emotional reactions.
2. Development of escape and avoidance behaviors.
3. Negative reinforcement for the use of punishemnt.
4. Modeling of the use of punishment.
5. Ethical issues.
What are three questions you should ask yourself when evaluating if something is (not) punishment?
1. What is the behavior?
2. What happened immediately after the behavior (was a stimulus added or removed, or was the reinforcer for the behavior terminated)?
3. What happened to the behavior in the future (was Bx weakened? Less likely to occur?)
Extinction is often characterized by a ______, in which the unreinforced behavior temporarily increases in frequency, intensity, or duration or novel behaviors are exhibited temporarily.
extinction burst
When does extinction occur?
When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and, as a result, the behavior decreases and stops occuring.
Behavior decreases ___________ during extinction if the behavior was reinforced on a continuous schedule before extinction and if the behavior is never reinforced during the extinction process.
decreases
Behavior decreases more rapidely during extinction if the behavior was reinforced on a _____ before extinction and if the behavior is never reinforced during the extinction process.
continuous schedule
A _____ is a stimulus that precedes the occurrence of the behavior.
antecedent stimulus
An _____ is under stimujlus control when it is more likely to occur in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a member of a specific stimulus class.
operant behavior
______ develops through a process of stimulus discrimination training, in which the behavior is reinforced in teh presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class), but is not reinforced in the presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class).
stimulus control
Extinction is often characterized by a ______, in which the unreinforced behavior temporarily increases in frequency, intensity, or duration or novel behaviors are exhibited temporarily.
extinction burst
When does extinction occur?
When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and, as a result, the behavior decreases and stops occuring.
Behavior decreases ___________ during extinction if the behavior was reinforced on a continuous schedule before extinction and if the behavior is never reinforced during the extinction process.
decreases
Behavior decreases more rapidely during extinction if the behavior was reinforced on a _____ before extinction and if the behavior is never reinforced during the extinction process.
continuous schedule
A _____ is a stimulus that precedes the occurrence of the behavior.
antecedent stimulus
An _____ is under stimujlus control when it is more likely to occur in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a member of a specific stimulus class.
operant behavior
______ develops through a process of stimulus discrimination training, in which the behavior is reinforced in teh presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class), but is not reinforced in the presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class).
stimulus control